XVI 



of living, though this manner of life differs greatly again from that of the 

 species nearly allied to them? Whether the nature of the food has played a 

 part here, it is impossible to say ; a chemical research of the interior of the 

 kernels of both the above named fruits would be necessary for this; but also 

 the manner of living in the dark may have been the cause, which has led to 

 an equality in colour and form. Also among other caterpillars living in the 

 dark, for instance the well-known European Cossus Cossus L. this red colour 

 is found. However this may be, it can hardly be doubted, that equality in the 

 circumstances of life here has caused convergency, a change of form in the same 

 direction. Moreover, it is a fact that when once an evolutional process has 

 taken a certain direction, it will usually move along the same lines in the 

 different individuals, in as far as no disturbing influences are brought to bear 

 on it. In the Introduction of my study on the Pieridae of Java I have, especially 

 in connection with the phenomenon of colour-evolution, given many examples 

 of it. Consequently the process of colour-evolution in butterflies living in different 

 regions, can cause a strong resemblance in form. Because such a circumstance 

 in the case of animals living in different regions, can, of course, never be 

 regarded as Mimicry, I have pointed out this fact in my fight against the 

 Mimicrytheory. For if it is impossible that such a conformity then have arisen 

 in accordance with the Mimicrytheory, then there is no reason either to assume 

 that this is the case between animals living in the same country, unless 

 this should appear from other facts, which, however, is not the case. In 

 my above mentioned work Mimicry, Sclektion, Daiivinisfnus especially when 

 treating of the XXIII"" thesis, I have pointed out many instances of this convergency; 

 as regards Lepidoptera more in particular those of the Javanese Ornithoptera 

 PoMPEjus L. and the South-American Papilio Quadratus Stdgr. ; in the same 

 way I have pointed out instances of the identity of the colour-evolution in Limenitis 

 Albomaculata Ch. Oberth. and L. Punctata Leich., both living in Thibet or South- 

 China, and in the I ndo- Australian Hypolimnas Boltna L. d and H. Misippus L. <3. 

 Very remarkable, too, is the fact that I have discussed there, and to which 

 I already drew attention on the occasion of the 3d International Zoological 

 Congress held at Leyden in 1895, that two allied European Satyridae Pararga 

 Egeria L. and P. Megaera L. and two Javanese Nymphalidae Junonia Erigone 

 Cram, and J. Asterie L. have developed side by side in exactly the same 

 manner, so that now the Javanese couple, though butterflies belonging to 

 another family and different indeed, in some respects, for instance in size, 

 from the European couple, may undoubtedly be said to represent the 

 latter in Java. The colour and the arrangement of the colour-pattern of 

 P. Egeria L. and J. Erigone Cram, are very much alike, which is also the 



