STEUCTUEE AKD LITEEATUEE. 25 



in tlie Parnily, while excluding the Deltoids. Dr. 

 Herrich-Schaffer, who was the first author to use the 

 veining of the wings as giving decided family cha- 

 racters in the Lepidoptera, excluded the Cymatopho- 

 rina and Brephina, while including the Deltoids. 

 The late Julius Lederer followed Dr. Herrich- 

 Schiilfer in this course. He regarded as essential 

 characteristics of the neuration of the Noctuidse, 

 that vein 5 of the primary wing should be nearer 

 to 4 than to 6 ; and that there should be two in- 

 ternal veins on the secondaries, which have besides 

 seven other veins : 6 and 7, arising from the upper 

 and outer corner of the discal cell, and 8 from the 

 base of the wing, soldering more or less plainly with 

 the subcostal vein at the base. 



Dr. A. S. Packard, jun., considers the characters 

 taken from the appendages as indecisive in estab- 

 lishing the families of moths, which he regards 

 from the point of view in which they were estab- 

 lished by Latreille. Dr. Packard depends upon the 

 relative size and shape of the clypeus, or front, be- 

 tween the eyes, as the best distinguishing mark. 

 This he finds in the Noctuidae to be " about as Ions' 

 as broad, narrowing slightly towards the front, 

 where it is emarginate ; the anterior edge is often 

 turned up ; surface full, convex, smooth, the con- 

 vexity greatest just below the middle, sometimes 

 becoming a tuberosity" (Proc. P. S. N. H. vol. i.). 

 Dr. Packard apparently follows M. Guenee in his 

 limitation of the Pamily. In my own lists and 

 papers on the Noctuidse of North America, I have 

 included the Deltoids with them, not being able to 



