46 



most divergent; it should, however, be borne in mind that illustrations are 

 never perfect, and that especially the various shades of colour can scarcely be 

 reproduced with accuracy. 



As regards the larvae I possess about 25 descriptions noted by me at 

 different times, which I have compared with descriptions by Moqre, de Niceville, 

 Bingham, and Rainbow, as well as with the figures contained in the works of 

 these authors and of Horsfield and Kobus and finally with those prepared 

 under my supervision in Java. From this it is evident that of this species 

 two larvae are rarely alike. They are long, slender, fusiform in build, the 

 terminal segment is armed with two divergent setose processes; the head 

 prominent and armed with two erect obtuse setose processes, like little horns. 

 The body appears rugose and covered with short microscopic white hairs 

 which give the appearance of minute white dots on the surface of the body. 

 The colour is green, sometimes lighter, sometimes darker, on which occasion- 

 ally the line of the vas dorsalis is visible dorsally while along the back and 

 sides occur some, occasionally dark, but mostly yellow or white lines, the 

 principal one of which runs along the ventral boundary and is more or less 

 raised. All these lines, however, are sometimes only partly visible or even 

 not at all. The ventral side is dark green covered with fairly long, stiff hairs. 

 The bristles on the terminal processes are as a rule of the colour of the body 

 but sometimes they are brownish ; the horns are reddish brown, of a more or 

 less dark shade, sometimes very light brown; this colour, in most cases, is 

 continued form the horns along the head in the shape of two bands, uniting 

 below the head. In addition a milky white band runs along the outer side of 

 the horns, being also continued on the head and running side by side with 

 the brown band. It varies, however, exceedingly, sometimes running only along 

 the head or only along the horns while frequently it is reduced everywhere or 

 here and there to a narrow line. It may at times, too, be yellow instead of 

 white. On one occasion I found some black marking on the front of the head. 

 In young larvae as a rule the horns, and sometimes the head, are black, 

 which colour is retained until the last moult ; occasionally the horns were pale 

 rose coloured and the milky-white band was already present. 



Sometimes the caterpillars occur gregariously, for instance, on padi (Orvza 

 Sativa L.) and teboii (Saccharum officinarum L.) but they are also frequently 

 found solitary on various kinds of grasses, Bambusa, palm leaves and even on 

 iapak limau (Elephantopus Scaber L.). They are voracious and change into 

 light green chrysalides with some faint white stripes on the wing cases, without 

 any processes, and attached to leaves or grass haulms, frequently in numbers 



