CERVID.E 117 



general colour uniform, typically with a large light rump- 

 patch ; young spotted. 



The distributional area includes Europe, North Africa, 

 Asia north of the outer range of the Himalaya, and'North 

 America. 



The following is a " key " to the species : — 



A. Muzzle dark ; hair of withers not reversed. 



a. Light area of buttocks yellow, at least in 



region of tail. 

 a' . Antlers with more than 5 tines, of which 



the terminal ones are arranged irregularly 



and often cupped ; tail longer ; under-parts 



not conspicuously darker than back C, elaphus. 



h'. Antlers generally with more than 5 tines, 



of which the 4th is the largest, and, with 



those above it, placed in a plane parallel 



to axis of head; tail shorter; under- parts 



conspicuously darker than back C. canadensis. 



c . Antlers usually 5-tined, with the 4th tine 



small and the two terminal ones forming 



a fork placed transversely to long axis of 



face ; tail medium C. yarTiandensis. 



b. Light area of buttocks white ; tail very short. 

 a'. Muzzle mainly dark, lower lip and chin 



fawn or brown ; ears long and pointed, 



with sinuous upper margins. 



a". A larger or smaller white rump-patch ; 



antlers (5-tined) sharply angulated and 



bent forwards at 3rd tine, in such a 



manner that tips of the 5th are inclined 



inwards C. ivalliclii, 



b". White area restricted to hind aspect of 

 hams ; a brownish patch on croup in 



advance of tail ; antlers wapiti-like C. macneilli. 



b' . Muzzle pale fawn, lower lip and chin 



white ; ears bluntly pointed, with straight 



upper margins ; antlers approximating to 



those of C. ivalliclii, but less bent for- 

 wards ; white area of buttocks much as in 



C. macneilli C. cdslimiriensis. 



B. Muzzle white ; hair of withers reversed C. albirostris. 



XV. CEEVUS ELAPHUS. 



Cervus elaphus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 66, 1758, ed. 12, 

 vol. i, p. 93, 1766 ; Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 298, 1793 ; 

 F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pis, 93 and 94, 1820; 

 Cuvier, Ossemeiis Fossiles, ed. 2, vol. iv, p. 24, 1823 ; H. Smith, 

 Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. iv, p. 90, 1827 ; Jenyns, 



