126 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 



races ; but, according to Loder,* while in skulls of Scotcli 

 and German stags the proportion of the interorbital width to 

 the length (from summit of occipital crest to tips of pre- 

 maxillpe) is 1 to 3 "3, in Carpathian f and Caucasian stags it is 

 1 to 3 • 6. The same writer adds that he could detect no 

 difference between Carpathian and Caucasian skulls — a view 

 which coincides with the experience of the present writer, 

 although not with that of Miller. 



96. 10. 10. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Galician Carpathians. 



Presented hj H.H. Prince HcinricJi of Liechtenstein, 1906. 



A.- 



Cervus elaphus maral. 



Cei'\us m&vsil, Ogilhy, Eep. Council Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 22 ; Sclater, 

 Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 336, pi. xxix, 1871 ; Grmj, Cat. 

 Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 69, 1872 ; Fitzinger, Sitzher. h. Ah. 

 Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 597, 1874; Blanford, Eastern 

 Persia, vol. ii, p. 95, 1876 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 812 ; 

 Eadde, Siiugeth. Talysch. p. 10, 1886; SatiDiin, Zool. Jahrb., 

 Syst. vol. ix, p. 309, 1896 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, 

 p. 30, 1876; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Eurojye, p. 229, 1910. 



Cervus caspius, Radde, Siiugeth. Talysch. p. 10, 1886. 



Cervus elaphus maral, Lydekher, Deer of All Lands, p. 75, 1898, 

 Great and, Small Game of Eurojie, etc. p, 217, 1901 ; Satunin, 

 Mitt. Kauhas. Mus. vol. i> pp. 65 and 129, 1901, vol. ii, pp. 210 

 and 357, 1906, vol. iii, p. 49, 1907, vol. vii, p. 20, 1912 ; Leigh, 

 Field, vol. cv, p. 355, 1905 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, 

 p. 28, 1910, ed. 7, p. 28, 1914 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, 

 p. 967, 1912 ; Loder, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 489. 



(?) Cervus vulgaris montanus, Botezat, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xxxii, 

 p. 155, 1903. 



Cervus (Cervus) maral, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 940. 



Cervus caucasicus, Winans, Amer. Mus. Journ. vol. xiv, p. 67, 1914, 

 nomen nudum. 



Maral (Persian), Ollen (Russian). 



" Polish Stag," Lydekher, Field, vol. cv, p. 326, 1905. 



Typical locality the Caspian provinces of Persia. 



Size larger and build heavier than in any other of the 

 properly named local races, the shoulder-height reaching 

 4^ feet ; the neck relatively thick, and the face, especially 

 in females, longer and more pointed than in tlie western 

 races, and the tail thicker. General colour in summer red, 



* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 488. 



t As represented by stags from the Galician estate of the late 

 Prince Heinrich from Liechtenstein. 



