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the larynx, but time has yet to show whether the improve- 

 ment can be maintained, though the value of the immediate 

 effect is undoubted. As the operation is performed under 

 chloroform no pain is felt by the patient, and no one 

 who can afford to pay the fee need hesitate, on humane 

 grounds, to have the operation performed on a favourite 

 animal. 



The noise made by a roarer is usually due to the obstruc- 

 tion of the air-passage by the vocal chord, consequent on 

 paralysis of one side of the larynx, following the failure 

 of the left recurrent nerve. Anything which causes undue 

 strain to the nerve makes for roaring, and so horses with 

 long or abnormally curved necks are more prone to be thus 

 afflicted than those with short and straight necks. There 

 is one type of neck which so constantly results in 

 roaring that it is known in Yorkshire as a "roarer's neck," 

 and sooner or later the horse which is so shaped is 

 almost certain to fall a victim to the complaint. The 

 neck in question is a strong thick one, with the head carried 

 high, but there is a peculiar outward curve in front, some- 

 what resembling that of a fallow deer, with an unusually 

 thick thropple, the formation of which, no doubt, sustains a 

 constant strain on the nerve, which eventually fails in 

 consequence. A very delicate operation has occasionally 

 been tried with success, as Mr. J. Tagg, F.K.C.Y.S., has 

 informed me that he has proved in his practice, when the 

 ailing nerve has been excised and a healthy one grafted in its 

 place ; and in this direction there seems a promise for the 

 future, if the stripping of the ventricle should not turn out a 

 permanent cure on further trial. 



Steangles. 



Strangles attack most young horses between the first and 

 fifth year, generally in the spring or autumn, and — like dis- 

 temper in dogs — it is seldom a horse ever has them a second 

 time. In most cases the early symptoms resemble an ordinary 

 catarrh, with slight fever, a hot mouth, red nostrils and 

 eyes, and a watery discharge from the eyes and nose, which 



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