RHOPALOCERA MALAYAN A. 159 



grassy places, fluttering aud sailing through the air. Suck the sap of wounded trees. Males 

 fight for the females."* 



2. Athyma larymna, var. c? . (Tab. XVI., tig. 1 J.) 



Limenitis L<u-ijmna, Doubletlay and Hewitson, Gen. Diurii. Lep, t. 35, f. 1 (1850). 



Athi/iiia Lanjiiina, Doub. & Hew. Geu. Diuru. Lep. p. 274, n. 7 (1850) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. JIus. E.I.C. 



i. p. 172, u. 352 (1857) ; Dnice, Proc. Zool. See. 1873, p. 344, u. 1 ; Butl. Traus. Liuu. Soc. ser. 2, 



Zool. vol. i. p. 610, n. 1 (1877). 



Male and Female. Wings above dark fuscous, with the following dark cream-coloured markings f : — 

 anterior wings with a basal streak followed by two spots in cell, and a large subtriangular spot at end of 

 cell ; two large subapical spots divided by the upper discoidal nervule, and preceded by a small subcostal 

 linear spot ; a large discal spot between the second and third median nervules, and two contiguous spots 

 about centre of inner margin, which are divided by the submedian nervure ; two submarginal series of 

 small spots, the inner one waved and commencing near costa, the outer one commencing beneath the lower 

 subcostal nervule, but fading into pale fuscous beneath the first median nervule ; fringe alternately greyish 

 from beneath apex ; posterior wings with a transverse macular fascia before centre, a transverse series of 

 subconical spots placed between the nervules, gradually enlarging towards abdominal margin, and situate 

 on the outer portion of disk and a pale fuscous submarginal line. Wings beneath brownish ochraceous, 

 the pale markings more or less clouded ; anterior wings with the cellular spots fused into a single fascia, 

 convex but deeply notched above : the spot at end of cell elongated, and preceded by an upper subquadrate 

 spot ; discal spots as above, the two series of submarginal spots as above, but of the inner series the two 

 apical sjjots fuscous, surrounded by greyish, and the outer series obsolete till beneath the lower discoidal 

 nervule, but then regular and distinctly greyish — this wing is also ornamented with a number of dark 

 fuscous streaks and spots ; posterior wings marked as above, but with an additional transverse basal fascia, 

 curved and attenuated towards costal margin, the central fascia deflexed and continued on inner side 

 of submedian nervure, the pale fuscous submarginal fascia above whitish beneath, and the fringe somewhat 

 broadly alternately greyish. Body above dark fuscous ; thorax with an anterior cream-coloured fascia, and 

 abdomen with two fasciae of the same colour, one basal and broad, the second subapical aud narrow. 



Exp. wings, $ 76 millim. 



Hab. — Malay Peninsula ; Malacca (Pinwill — Brit. Mus.) — Java (Brit. Mus.) — Borneo (Bruce). 



I did not meet with this species in Province Wellesley, nor have I found it in any of the 

 collections made there which I have since had the opportunity of examining. One male 

 specimen, collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, is my sole knowledge of the species in this 

 fauna. 



* Allusion lias ah-eady been made to tlie pugnacity of butterflies (ante, p. 91). In Britain this has long since been 

 recorded. Thus Mr. Knapp, in his 'Journal of a Naturalist' (1829), remarks, "A few of our lepidopterous creatures, 

 especially the common white butterflies of oui' gardens, are contentious animals, and drive away a rival from their haunts. 

 We see them progressively ascending into the air, in ardent, unheeding contest"; and he also instances two species of our 

 Lyccenidce as of particularly combative nature. Haworth records a similar observation with respect to the "Puiiile Emperor" 

 lApatura iris). In Labuan Mr. Collingwood speaks of their "battles with one another, in which they whirl round each 

 other with the gi-eatest rapidity, and appear to be incited by the greatest ferocity" (' Eambles of a Naturalist,' p. 183) ; and 

 Mr. J. M. Jones (' The Naturalist in Bermuda,' p. 120) describes Junonia ccrnia as " a most pugnacious little creature, 

 aud appears to love a qiian el, for you may see three or four of them ascending in the air and buffeting each other, now 

 rising, now falling, unremittingly continuing their aerial warfare." 



f These have been incorrectly delineated quite white in my figm-e, which was taken from a drawing made by 

 Mr. "Wilson of a Malaccan specimen in the British Museum. 



