In Carboniferous and Permian Epochs 139 



usually the finer sandstones; the smaller and lighter plant 

 parts or the larger fishes in another, often the bituminous 

 shales; while delicate twigs, expanded "fern" fronds, and 

 small fishes might be spread out over the thin laminae of 

 black fissile shale. 



As Stur, B. Peach, Traquair, Kidston and other palae- 

 ontologists have shown, the biological assemblage of organ- 

 isms is typical. Thus the writer has often laid bare from 

 adjacent parts of the hard yellow-white limestone of Burdie- 

 house, a jaw with huge glistening brown-black teeth of 

 Rhizodiis hibbertii, myriads of the minute phyllopod 

 Leperditia okeni var. scotobiirdiegalensis, delicately ex- 

 panded leaves of Sphenopteris affinis, S. hoeninghaiisii, or 

 S. bifida, the sporangiferous cones of Lepidodendron and 

 Lepidophloios, fragments of Eiirypteriis scouleri, and not 

 infrequently somewhat crushed but entire specimens of such 

 freshwater fishes as Elonichthys robisoni, E. biicklandi, 



Fig. 16. Eurynotiis crenatus, a common actinopterygian ganoid 

 fish from the Calclferous or Lower Carboniferous beds of Mid- 

 Scotland. About one-fourth natural size. (Restored by Traquair.) 



Rhadinichthys ornatissimiis or Eiirynotiis crenatus^ (Fig. 

 16) . And for exact identification the latter usually passed 

 under the master eye of Traquair. 



The marked agreement between the flora — and such 

 also we know to be true of the fauna — of the Calciferous 



