In Carboniferous and Permian Epochs 147 



Moodie's memoir on "The Coal-Measure Amphibia of 

 North America" (95). The genera Molgoph'is, Cocytinus, 

 Ptyonius, Aestocephalus and Lysorophiis, seem to be at 

 least some of the desired types. But further investigation 

 of Old Red and of Calciferous as well as more recent rocks, 

 for the discovery of advancing organisms between cyclo- 

 stomes and aistopod batrachians, is greatly needed. 



In eastern North America, the Calciferous or Culm 

 of Europe seems synchronous with the extensive — though 

 often marine — beds that make up the Mississippian series. 

 The marine beds yield a varied and very typical marine 

 fauna, the invertebrate fossils of which have been copiously 

 listed, though fish remains are rare or conspicuously absent. 

 But the Mauch Chunk of Pennsylvania and West Virginia; 

 the Waverley and Cuyahoga shales of Ohio; the Mauch 

 Chunk and Pennington of Virginia; the Burlington of 

 North Missouri and Illinois; also the Horton of East 

 Canada, give ample evidence of a combined freshwater and 

 land flora and fauna. These also are even more varied and 

 extensive than those of the Old World. They have been 

 described mainly by Hall, Dawson, Newberry, Worthen, 

 Whiteaves, Eastman, Lambe, and Condit amongst others. 



The earlier and succeeding editions of Dawson's 

 "Acadia" opened up wide palaeontological vistas. In de- 

 scribing the Horton series of Nova Scotia (55:251) and 

 the Lower Carboniferous or Albert shales of New Bruns- 

 wick, Dawson (96:237) and Lambe (gy : i) refer to an 

 exactly similar biological aggregate as that of Europe. 

 Swarms of phyllopod and other entomostracans such as 

 Leaia leidyi, Estheria sp. Leperditia siiberecta^ eurypterids, 

 scorpions, millipedes and insects — mainly orthopterous, — 

 freshwater molluscs, great shoals of fossilized fishes, "and 

 footprints of batrachians" occur, but no strictly marine 

 remains. 



Speaking of a thin bed (No. 6 of Division 4) "full of 

 remains of small fishes" Dawson says: "It has a true stig- 

 marian underclay. I suppose it to have been a swamp or 

 forest submerged and occupied by fishes, while its vegeta- 

 tion was still standing. It contains remains of fishes of the 



