In Carboniferous and Permian Epochs 157 



He then adds "Most of the fishes composed in this 

 list belong to the Elasmobranchii and Ganoidei; but where- 

 as the Elasmobranchii are generally considered to be of 

 marine origin, and the ganoids rather to pertain to fresh- 

 water, we have them both in this case, fossil together, and 

 evidently deposited in the immediate neighborhood of the 

 spot where they lived. The sharks were of large size." 

 He then refers to the relative abundance of each lot of the 

 above, and later compares his own results with those of 

 Newberry (^5:284) and proceeds "after careful study 

 of the deposit Dr. Newberry considers that there was in 

 this locality at the time when the coal was forming, an open 

 lagoon, densely populated with fishes aiid salamanders, 

 and that after a time this lagoon was choked up with grow- 

 ing vegetation, and peat (which afterwards changed to 

 cubical coal) succeeded to the carbonaceous mud (now 

 Cannel) that had previously accumulated at the bottom 

 of the water." He then states that Newberry found nine 

 species of Eurylepis, a small tile-scaled ganoid, two or three 

 species of Coelacanthiis (closely allied to C. lepttirus of 

 the English Coal Measures), scales and teeth of Rhizodus, 

 spines of Orthacanthus and Compsacanthiis^ and teeth of 

 Diplodus. The striking parallelism as above revealed Is 

 arresting. 



Two extensive and specially suggestive British papers, 

 alike from the physical and biological standpoints are: (i) 

 "List of Fossil Fishes" in the "Catalogue of Western Scot- 

 tish Fossils" by Professor J. Young, and (2) "The 

 geological Features of the North Staffordshire Coal Field" 

 by John Ward. In the former a most extensive list is given 

 of all known western fossil fishes found in the Carbonifer- 

 ous Lime or in the Coal Measures. Reference to p. 279 

 will show that of Elasmobranchii thirty species are either 

 freshwater or are anadromous, and thirty-three species are 

 now marine, these too are almost wholly from the Lime- 

 stone series. But of "Ganoids" and dipnoans, thirty-two 

 species, or all recorded, are from freshwater beds. Many 

 of the last also, as well as of the freshwater ganoids, oc- 

 curred In beds that yielded remains of six species of Laby- 



