Summary of Conclusions Reached 529 



But the two former present a greatly more complicated 

 problem. Their possible marine ancestry, and subsequent 

 migration into widely apart freshwaters as advocated by 

 some, is rejected as being entirely unsupported by nearly 

 all known facts. The possible former existence of a wide 

 southern continent, or even an extensive Antartica, as advo- 

 cated specially by H. O. Forbes is presented. The views 

 of J. D. Hooker, and later the publications of the Challeng- 

 er, the German South Seas, the Princeton, and the Transit 

 of Venus expeditions are examined. Detailed considera- 

 tion is then given to the nature and possible affinities of 

 the flora that is traced from Chile-Patagonia across south- 

 ern island lands to New Zealand, Tasmania and Australia. 



The statements of Forbes and of Lydekker regarding 

 southern faunal types are then compared, and the conclu- 

 sions of the former are wholly favored. The author then 

 deals in detail with the invertebrate and vertebrate organ- 

 isms found in widely isolated southern islands, and com- 

 pares these with types now living in S. American and in 

 Tasmano-Australian lands. The present distribution of 

 the Marsupialia, and the direct evidence now secured of 

 a former mild Tertiary flora and fauna in antarctic regions, 

 are advanced in favor of the former existence of a southern 

 continental land or Antarctica. But returning to the flora, 

 the writer shows that it, like the fauna, seems to be largely 

 traceable to older types or species that must once have in- 

 habited an extensive western S. American land, which in- 

 cluded not only Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, but also the 

 Galapagos and Juan Fernandez islands. These lived be- 

 fore, and also while the ranges of the Andes were in process 

 of formation. But such organisms again show close affinity 

 often with western N. American species or genera cited 

 by the author. These were probably evolving along a land 

 mass that lay west of the great Benton-Niobrara sea, and 

 that later developed the ranges of the Sierras and Rocky 

 Mountains. 



So the author shows that from primitive salmonid and 

 esocid ancestry, the Galaxidae and Aplochitonidae probably 

 started in lakes of the above land that were of Upper Cre- 

 taceous time. Spreading southward to Patagonia and the 



