AND ABDOMINAL VISCERA. 1 7 



A. THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 



1. The CEsophagus. The posterior end of the 

 oesophagus as it enters the stomach can be seen by 

 pressing aside the lobes of the Hver ; it penetrates the 

 diaphragm below the middle. 



2. The Stomach may be studied in situ by lift- 

 ing up the lobes of the liver so as to expose it fully. 

 When empty it lies obliquely in the body, having a 

 marked bend at the posterior end ; when filled it lies 

 more transversely. 



a. The Fundus. The left or cardiac end of the 

 stomach is much dilated ; the enlarged portion which 

 lies to the left of the entrance of the oesophagus is the 

 fundus. 



b. The Great Curvature is the line from the 

 fundus along the posterior margin of the stomach to 

 the beginning of the intestines. 



c. The Small Curvature is the line from the 

 opening of the oesophagus along the anterior margin 

 of the stomach to the beginning of the intestine. 



d. The Pylorus is the opening of the stomach into 

 the intestines. The position of the pylorus is marked 

 externally by a shallow constriction. This region of 

 the stomach is spoken of as the pyloric end as dis- 

 tinguished from the cardiac end in the neighborhood 

 of the oesophagus. 



3. The Intestines. 



a. The Duodenum is the first portion of the small 

 intestine. It begins at the pylorus, bends suddenly 

 to the posterior for several inches, and then forward 

 again for some distance, making a U-shaped loop, 

 which continues directly into the remainder of the 

 small intestine. The glandular organ lying in the 



