20. CAILIONYMUS. 139 



horizontal, and with the upper jaw very protractile. Eyes of mo- 

 derate size, more or less directed upwards. Teeth very small, palate 

 smooth. A strong spine at the angle of the praeopercidum. Two 

 dorsal fins, the anterior with three or four flexible spines ; ventrals 

 five-rayed, widely apart from each other. GiU-openings very nar- 

 row, generally reduced to a foramen on the upper side of the oper^ 

 culum ; branchiostegals six ; air-bladder none ; pseudobranchiae, 

 a sUt behind the fourth gill. 



Sea-fishes living on the bottom near the shore. Temperate seas of 

 the Old World ; Indian Ocean, from the coast of Mozambique to the 

 Islands of the Western Pacific. 



These fishes exhibit sexual differences in the structure of the fins 

 and in the coloration. 



The species may be divided into the following groups : — 



a. GiU-opening a very small foramen on the upper surface of the 

 head. Lateral line single (p. 139). 



(3. GiU-opening a very small foramen on the upper sm*face of the 

 head. Lateral line double (p. 149). 



y. Gill-opening somewhat dilated, rather more on the side of the 

 head. No detached ventral ray. {Synchiropus, GiU.) (p. 149). 



a. Species with a very small gill-opening on the upper surface of the 

 head. Lateral line single. 



1. CaUionymus lyra. 



The Dragonet. Fox. Skulpin. 



Petiver, Gazophyl. tab. 22. fig. 2; Seha, iii. 30. 7 ; Strom, Sondm. i. 



p. 278 ; Boriase, Hist. Curnw. p. 270. tab. 26. fig. 10 ; Duhamel, 



Feches, ii. sect. 5. p. 116. pi. 10. 

 Cottus, sp., Gronov. Act. Upsal. 1740, p. 121. tab. 8. 

 CallionjTnus Ivra, L, Syst. Nat. i. p. 43.3, and Faun. Suec. p. 110; Bl. 



ii. p. 71. tat!, 161 ; Bl. Schn. p. 39 ; Lacep. ii. p. 329. pi. 10. fig. 1 ; 



Donov. Brit. Fishes, \. pi. 9 ; Retz. Faun. p. 313 ; Midi. Zool. Van. 



p. 21. pi. 28; Couch, Trans. Linn. Sac. xiv. p. 71 ; Turt. Brit. Faun. 



p. 88 ; Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 208 ; Fries, Vet. Acad. Handl. 1837, 



p^ 39; Fries och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk.ja. 95. tab. 22 & 23; Parn. 



!97, 3r& edit. ii. p. 

 cop. Fries och Ekstr.) ; Neill, Wem. 3Iem. i. p. 529 ; Ouv. Peytie 

 Anim. PI. Poiss. pi. 82. fig. 1 ; Nilss. Skatid. Fauna, Fisk. p. 212 ; 

 Guichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 78. 

 Callionvmus dracunculus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 433 ; Strom, Norske Selsk. 

 Nye Handl i. p. 149 ; Bl. ii. p. 84. taf. 162. fig^ 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 40 ; 

 Lac^p. ii. p. 335 ; Petz. Faun. p. 313 : Zool. Dan. i. p. 434 ; Turt 

 Brit. Faun. p. 89 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, iv. t. 84 ; Johnst. Zool. Journ. 

 iii. p. 336 ; Cuv. 8f Vol. xii. p. 274 ; Yarn Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. 



3. Cailionymus orientalis. Bl. Schn. p. 41. tab. 6 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 297. — 

 Tranquebar. 



4. melanotopterns, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Ncderl. Ind. 1850, p. 31. 



— Batavia. 



Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 88 ; Cuv. Sf fal. xii, p. 266 ; Yarr. Brit. 

 Fishes, 1st edit. i. p. 261, 2nd edit. i. p. 297, 3rd edit. ii. p. 310 (fig. 



