Introduction 15 



Alaska wren, gray-naped finch, gray song-sparrow, Nelson 

 ptarmigan, Atken ptarmigan, etc. 



Some consider the Arctic to be of one fauna; if this view 

 be accepted these five will be subfaunas. 



The Temperate Region is divided into the following: 

 The Hudsonian Zone or Fauna comprises the northern or 

 spruce belt of the great coniferous forest that stretches across 

 the continent from Labrador to Alaska — and that runs south- 

 ward along the uppe-r timbered slopes of the higher mountains 

 of the United States and Mexico. It lies next the Barren- 

 grounds of the north, and the Alpine of the high mountains, 

 and in both is the region of stunted spruce, and the home of 

 many characteristic birds and mammals. 

 It is found in five subfaunas: 



(a) The Hudsonian Subfauna or true Hudsonian, whose 

 south limit is about summer isotherm 55°. Characteristic 

 species are: northern shrike, common red-poll, Harris sparrow, 

 tree-sparrow, white-crowned sparrow, gray-cheeked thrush. 



(b) The Yukon Hudsonian Subfauna, the region of the 

 White Sheep, the Alaskan Grizzly, several species of Brown 

 bear, etc. 



(c) The Subalpine or Mountain Hudsonian Subfauna 

 chiefly in Yukon and British Columbia, characterized by 

 Mountain-goat, Black-sheep, Clark crow, etc. 



(d) The Labrador or Atlantic Hudsonian Subfauna, 

 characterized chiefly by very dark races of species that are 

 widely spread over several faunas. In this subfauna, at 

 Hamilton Inlet, is an island of the Canadian fauna. 



(e) The Newfoundland Subfauna. This is the Hudsonian 

 part of Newfoundland; owing to its isolation it is fairly well 

 marked. Its species are many, for example, the Newfound- 

 land or White Caribou, the Newfoundland Lynx, Newfound- 

 land Red-fox, Welch ptarmigan, etc. 



The Canadian Fauna. — The Canadian Fauna is the 

 southern part of the great transcontinental coniferous forest 



