20 Life-histories of Northern Animals 



(The Pacific, Campestrian and Alleghanian Faunas to- 

 gether are Merriam's Transition Zone.) 



The Carolinian Fauna, touching the extreme of southern 

 Ontario, that is, the lower region along the north shore of Lake 

 Erie. The northern boundary of this Fauna forms, in a general 

 way, the northern limit of the Gray-fox, the Northern Fox- 

 squirrels, the Pine-mouse, the Opossum, and the Bats of the 

 genus Isf ycticejus. 



(The Carolinian and Upper Sonoran Faunas together are 

 Merriam's Upper Austral Zone.) 



Map 3 sets forth these main divisions, but cannot, of 

 course, give the complex local details. As a matter of fact 

 every high mountain must and does exhibit a succession of 

 faunal areas from its base to its summit. So that all the great 

 mountain ranges of western Canada should be spotted on the 

 summits with islands of Arctic fauna around which are 

 Hudsonian rings. Furthermore, the valleys that run east and 

 west are always more boreal on the shady side than on the 

 north side, where the slope gives them more directly the rays 

 of the sun. 



Faunal Areas of Manitoba. 



We find that our Province falls within the limits of two of 

 the subfaunas: The true Canadian and the Western Allegha- 

 nian; and the dividing line between is drawn nearly straight 

 from the south-eastern to the north-western angle of the 

 Province. This coincides with the summer isotherm or 65°. 

 North of it is: 



The Canadian Fauna. — The country embraced is one 

 stretch of rugged, rocky hills, chiefly Laurentian, varied with 

 numerous rivers and clear-water lakes, and covered with a 

 continuous coniferous forest. The most characteristic trees 

 of this forest are white spruce (Picea canadensis), black 



