so Life-histories of Northern Animals 



amous quadrupeds have a home. A study of the species 

 herein treated shows this to be hterally true. In each case I 

 have endeavoured to describe in detail the home-place of the 

 species; including not only the nest itself with its linings 

 and approaches, but the storage places, chambers, galleries and 

 ventilators in connection, as well as the burrows and above 

 ground runways, with their various signs and marks, to indicate 

 their direction, use or owners. 



sANiTA- Co-incident with the founding of a home must appear the 



TION . r • • 



rudiments of sanitation. The more elaborate the home the 

 higher the idea of keeping it clean. The many devices of 

 animals show gradation between the communal midden-heaps 

 of the Voles, the daily cleansing of the Wolves, and the wonder- 

 ful dry-earth closets of the Pocket-gophers. I have sought to 

 learn how far each species has progressed on this line. 



TRAIN- While the youno: of some low animals never see their 



ING OF ... 



THE parents at all, but begin life with nothing save an equipment 

 of instincts, others are wholly dependent on their parents, and 

 the higher they are the more dependent they are and the more 

 they profit by parental training. It was notorious among 

 falconers that a falcon trained by its mother was always 

 superior to one trained by man. The same remark applies 

 to the cheetah or hunting leopard of India. ^° Training is 

 given chiefly by means of example; whether consciously or 

 not, I do not know. I do not know what consciousness is; it 

 may be that most human acts are not conscious, but that is 

 another question, and it does not alter the fact of training. 



YOUNG 



LOVE OF Very few mammals show a love of the beautiful in sight or 



T'T-TF' 



BEAUTi- sound. The gift is much less developed than in birds, yet the 

 faculty is not absent. It is, I believe, axiomatic that no creature 

 can respond to music, much less produce it, without having 

 pleasure in it. The readiness of the Coyote and the Gray-wolf 

 to respond to certain sounds and their power to produce 



'" See Mam. of India, T. C. Jerdon, 1874, p. 117. 



