962 UNGULATA 



Dluijiums. — Like Sns scrofa but not attaining so great size, 

 the upper length- of skull in adult male about 300 mm., upper 

 tooth-row including canine 114 to 128 mm.; posterior molar 

 both above and below with third transverse ridge much reduced ; 

 colour in both adult and young essentially as in Sus scrofa. 



Measureiuents. — For cranial measurements see Table, p. 961. 



Specimens examined. — Five skulls (Genoa). 



Bemarhs. — The wild boar of Sardinia appears to be a well- 

 defined local form. 



Family CERVID^. 



1820. Cervidfl' Gray, London Med. Repos., xv, p. 307, April 1, 1821. 



Geographical distrihution.- — Essentially the entire mainland of 

 North and South America ; in the Old World from the Arctic 

 region south to extreme north-western Africa, the Malay 

 Archipelago and the Philippine Islands. 



Characters. — Artiodactyles with frontal appendages usually 

 occurring in males and sometimes in females, always, when 

 present, in the form of solid, periodically shed and renewed 

 antlers growing from permanent bases or pedicles on the frontal 

 bones ; molars usually (always in European members of the 

 family) brachyodont ; lateral digits of both fore and hind feet 

 usually present. 



Bemarlcs. — About sixteen genera of living deer are known, a 

 number which will probably be increased by more detailed study. 

 Three of these, Cervus, Alces and Bangifer, are common to the 

 northern portion of both Eastern and Western Hemispheres, 

 four or five are peculiar to America, and the rest are confined to 

 the Old World. Five occur in Europe. 



KEY TO THE EUROPEAN GENERA OF CERVIDJE. 



Vomer higb, dividing posterior nares into two chambers ; 

 no marked contrast in size between anterior pre- 

 molar and vi- ; widtb of upper molars about one- 

 fourtb that of palate ; antlers normally present 

 in both sexes, the base of pedicle situated con- 

 spicuously behind level of orbital cavity ; lateral 

 hoofs functional ; main hoofs very short and broad, 

 the outline of the entire sole subcircular ; muzzle 

 entirely hairy ; antlers beginning to develop within 

 a few weeks of birth (Reindeer) Bangifer, p. 979. 



Vomer low, not dividing posterior nares into two 

 chambers; a marked contrast in size between 

 anterior premolar and m- ; width of upper molars 

 about one-third that of palate; antlers normally 

 ■ present in males only, the base of pedicle extending 

 over posterior portion of orbital cavity ; lateral 

 hoofs not functional ; main hoofs narrow, the out- 

 line of the entire sole noticeably longer than wide ; 

 muzzle not entirely hairy ; antlers not beginning to 

 develop until about a year after birth. 



