180 MAMMALIAN DESCENT. [Lect. VIL 



ports the cartilaginous skull, Ijut is distinct from it : 

 the blade underlies the orbital region; the guard tlie 

 temporal region — right and left ; and the haft the l)asi- 

 occipital. 



In air-breathing types, when the endo-cranium or 

 inner skull becomes more and more solid, the cartilage 

 becoming transformed into bone, the parasphenoid 

 becomes inconstant. In Serpents there is only the 

 blade, in Lizards a rudiment, only, of that part ; in 

 Crocodiles only a rudiment, right and left, of the guard ; 

 and in Chelonians (Turtles and Tortoises) none what- 

 ever. That it should be ^"ery large in all Birds, 

 although broken up into three centres of ossification, is 

 truly remarkable ; for the reptile is but a Pupa, in 

 respect of the Bird, which is an Tmago, so to sjDcak. He 

 who would find out this riddle must employ Darwinian 

 methods. The reptilian nature of Birds is doubted by 

 no one capable of judging ; but reptiles of the existing 

 type are not their progenitors ; and I question if any true 

 Amniotic (or true RejDtiles) ever were. Twenty years 

 ago I showed that the temporal scale squamosal of 

 the Ostrich family (flat-breasted Birds — Ratitise) was 

 a truly amphibian l)one, just like that of a Frog or 

 Newt, and answering to both the " preopercular," and 

 " temporal scale," of a Ganoid Fish, in one single bony 

 centre. That fact, the large size of the parasphenoid, 

 and other things that might be mentioned, being put 

 together, show conclusively, that the flying Fowl came 



