CODLIN MOTH. 11 



from the fruit (whilst this still remains on the tree) by the 

 help of a silken thread spun from its mouth ; or, again, it 

 may simply creep out of the Apple, and make its way along 

 the branches to the trunk. 



But whether by creeping from the fallen Apple along the 

 ground, or by leaving it in any other manner, the maggot 

 next makes its way to a neighbouring Apple-tree stem, and 

 there it shelters itself in a cranny of the bark, or under a 

 loose piece, and often hollows out a little cavity, and spins a 

 cocoon, thin in itself, but from being mixed up with little bits 

 of surrounding material it forms, where I have seen it, a very 

 substantial protection. From this the moth comes out in 

 about a fortnight, or in the following spring, according to 

 whether there is one brood or two in the course of the season. 

 In England it is considered that this moth is actually only 

 single-brooded. 



The matter of number of broods is important practically, 

 as in reference to imports from countries — as France, for 

 instance, or the greater part of the United States of America — 

 where the Codlin Motii is considered to be double-brooded, 

 for in such circumstances many of the maggots may be in the 

 apparently good Apples when gathered, stored, and packed.* 

 The maggots come out presently, and spin their cocoons in 

 any convenient cranny of the barrel or other packing-vehicle, 

 or locality. Thus a large supply of infestation is quite likely 

 to be imported together with the Apples to their purchasers, 

 and set infestation on foot where transmitted to fruit-grounds. 



Irregularity of development, so that " about the same time 

 full-grown larvaB, young larvEe, eggs, and pupne will be found," 

 is another point to which Mr. Howard draws attention, and to 

 which, from my own observations of the past year, I think 

 attention might usefully be given here. 



Peevention and Eemedy. — ^Where fruit is found to be falling 

 prematurely in large numbers, some of it should be split open, 

 and if infestation of Codlin Moth caterpillar is found inside, 

 the fruit should be gathered up and destroyed. This should 

 be done as soon as possible, if it is to do much good ; and 

 jarring or shaking the boughs of trees which are apparently 

 much infested, on to cloths, answers well, for thus a good 

 proportion of the infested Apples can be gathered up before 

 the grubs have time to get away, and the fruit can be thrown 

 at once to wet manure or destroyed in any convenient way. 



* See "The Codlin Moth, Carpocapsa pomonella," by L. 0. Howard, in 

 ' Eeport of the Entomologist of the United States of America Department of 

 Agriculture for 1887,' Washington, 1888, pp. 88-115; an excellent and ex- 

 haustive treatise. 



