14 APPLE, 



scale of trade cultivation is concerned) great care as to bringing 

 infestation into the grounds in cases which may have held 

 home-grown or imported Apples. As noted at p. 11, larvae 

 or maggots of the second brood, in some European and many 

 of the U.S.A. districts, may have been in the Apples when 

 packed, and may very likely indeed have established them- 

 selves for change to chrysalis and moth state in crannies of 

 the barrels, boxes, crates, or other cases used for transmission. 

 All such packages, or even sacli as have been in contact with 

 such cases, should be disinfected. Thorough scalding with 

 boiling water would probably do all that is needed, and this 

 simple plan would often be carried out where growers would 

 not care for more trouble. But for those who wish for a 

 special application, " dipping the cases for two minutes in a 

 lye of caustic soda of a strength of one ounce to three gallons of 

 water, or pouring the solution into them," will be found useful. 



Spran'ing. — But it has become more and more observable 

 that something beyond measures of prevention are needed, 

 which, in localities where the infestation has escaped all 

 measures for its destruction in its early stages (or more 

 commonly where nothing has been done to destroy it), may 

 be brought to bear cheaply, and with good hope of success, at 

 the time when attack customarily takes place on the young 

 setting Apples, that is, when the blossom-leaves are faUing, 

 or rather have just fallen. For this inirpose spraying ivitk 

 Paris-green* Jias been found to answer ivelL 



In the Eeport of Prof. Lawrence Bruner, Entomologist of 

 the University of Nebraska, U.S.A., bearing date 1894, which 

 brings the observations fairly up to the present time, he 

 observes : — 



" The best remedy now known, and the only one by which 

 the first brood is killed and a large percentage of the fruit 

 saved from their ravages, is the use of one or other of the 

 arsenical sprays, composed of London-purple or Paris-green 

 with water. These are to be applied just after the fruit has 

 * set,' and before it has become heavy enough to droop, or for 

 the calyx ends to turn downward on the forming fruit. One 

 or two thorough sprayings at this time will, it has been 

 proved, save at least seventy per cent, of the loss otherwise 

 experienced. The ratio of these poisons best adapted for the 

 purpose has not been definitely ascertained, since this varies 

 with conditions of climate, latitude, &c." [A caution that 

 should be carefully noticed. — E. A. 0.] "About four ounces 

 of the Paris-green or three of the London-purple to the 

 barrel of water will probably be sufficiently strong to kill the 



* LoncloQ-purple would answer the same purpose, but has not as yet been 

 so much brought forward in this country. 



