32 APPLE. 



Their favourite feeding-ground is, as previously mentioned, 

 at the roots of grass in pastures, and they also attack the 

 roots of various kinds of corn and of Clover, and have been 

 known to attack Mustard. Amongst garden crops they do 

 not except different kinds of Cabbage ; and amongst harder 

 rooted plants they are injurious to Hose roots, and have even 

 been found at Pine roots. They are stated to lie customarily 

 about an inch below the surface, but when autumn cold comes 

 on, or when they are about to turn to pupal state, they go 

 down deeper. 



The mischief caused by the feeding of the grubs beneath 

 the turf may continue certainly up to the middle of October, 

 and presumably (weather permitting) to a later date. In some 

 observations which Mr. T. P. Newman was good enough to 

 make at my request as to whether the grubs were still to be 

 found in the middle of October, he wrote to me, from Hazel- 

 hurst, Haslemere, Surrey, on the 14th of October, 1893, that 

 in the spaces of ground that he examined, the top three inches 

 contained no grubs at all. Between three inches and six 

 there were few. Below six inches and down to nine inches 

 they were plentiful. Below nine inches down to twelve there 

 were few ; and below twelve inches there was little but stone 

 and shale, and there were no grubs. This depth obviously gives 

 a most safe resting-place from all but stringent mechanical 

 measures. 



The grubs turn to a pale-coloured chrysalis in an earth-cell 

 in the ground, from which the beetles make their appearance 

 in the following summer. 



The beetles, or " Eose Chafers," are of the size of that 

 figured in the act of walking at p. 29. The head and fore 

 body are of a glossy bright or dark green, sometimes with a 

 violet tinge on the under side; the legs greenish black, and 

 the wing-cases bright chestnut ; the antennae, or horns, rusty 

 or chestnut-coloured, ending in a three-leaved club or fan of 

 a pitchy colour. 



The beetles appear in May and June, — I believe the earliest 

 precise note that I have had of their appearance in large 

 numbers was on the 23rd of May, — and each female is con- 

 sidered to lay about a hundred eggs in the ground. The 

 whole duration of life from egg deposit in one year to beetle 

 development in the next is not more than twelve months, 



Peevention and Eemedies. — The simplest and best remedy 

 turns on the flight time of these Garden or Piose Chafers 

 being in the sunshine, or heat of the day. This is noticed in 

 German preventive observation. Dr. Taschenberg observes, 

 with regard to beating them down, that in this operation it is 



