18. cAroKTA. 79 



and forms rather more than a right angle with the posterior portion. 

 Inner ridges of the humeral arch not dilated. The occipital process 

 for the cartilaginous masticatory lamina consists of two parts ; the 

 anterior is concave, very broad, cordiform, the apex passing into the 

 slender posterior portion, whicli reaches the median a])0physis of the 

 third vertebra, to which the u|»j)er end of the air-bladder is attached. 

 This median apophysis is a triangular lamina, witli its middle nearly 

 entirely ossified. A series of irregular broad intcrncural elements 

 runs from the occipital crest to the origin of the dorsal fin, as in 

 Laheo and Ti/Jof/nathus. The interneural spines of the dorsal fin 

 correspond to the neurals of the thirteenth to twenty-second ver- 

 tebra. 



Scaphiodon perfffrinoyum, Heckel, I. c, i. p. lOGl , and ii. 3. j). 219, 

 taf. 15. fig. 3 (with L. lat. 77-80), is perhaps not specifically dis- 

 tinct from C. damascina. 



2. Capoeta fratercula. 

 Scaphiodon fratercula, Heckel, I. c. i. p. 1059, taf. 5. fig. 2. 

 D. 12. A. 8. L. lat. 61-62. L. transv. 10/? 

 Osseous dorsal ray rather feeble, but very conspicuously and 

 finely serrated. There are about eight longitudinal series of scales 

 between the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin. Tlio length 

 of the head is contained four times and three-fourths in the total 

 (without caudal) ; eye rather small ; snout obtuse. The origin of the 

 dorsal fin is somewhat nearer to the root of the caudal than to the 

 end of the snout. Anal fin rather deep and narrow. Coloration 

 uniform. (Heck.) 

 Damascus. 



Scaphiodon niger, Heckel, I. c. ii. 3. p. 258, from the Araxes, is 

 said to be distinguished from the abov" species by a black colora- 

 tion, and by ha\-ing the teeth of the serrature of the osseous dorsal 

 ray nearly vertical to the axis of the ray. 



3. Capoeta amir. 



Scaphiodon amir, Heckel, in Russegger's Heisen, ii. 3. p. 258. 

 Very closely allied to C. socialis. 



D. 11-12. A. 8. L. lat. 70-72. L. transv. 13/?. 

 Osseous dorsal ray feeble, the teeth of serrature being vertical to 

 the axis of the bone. There are eight longitudinal series of scales 

 between the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin. The length 

 of the head is contained five times and one-third in the total (with 

 the caudal) ; eye small. Coloration uniform. (Heck.) 

 River Araxes. 



4. Capoeta umbla. 

 Scaphiodon umbla, Heck. I. c. p. 1000, taf. 5. fig. 3. 



D. 14. A. 8. L. lat. 90-96. L. transv. IS/?. 

 Osseous dorsal ray feeble, finely serrated. The length of the head 



