56. lEuciscTJs. 225 



the head. Eye small, its diameter being more than one-half of the 

 length of the snout, and contained five times and a half in that of 

 the head. Mouth of moderate width, its cleft not extending to the 

 vertical from the front margin of the eye. Upper jaw scarcely over- 

 lapping the lower. The hindmost suborbital bone is larger than the 

 first; ike tuidth of the penidtimate is not much less than that of the 

 last. Origin of the dorsal fin opposite to the root of the inner ventral 

 rays, a little nearer to the base of the caudal than to the end of the 

 snout ; pectoral fin extending to the twelfth scale of the lateral line, 

 the root of the ventral being opposite to the fifteenth ; ventral fin 

 nearly as long as the head without snout ; caudal moderately emar- 

 ginate. Scales with numerous fine radiating striae ; three longitu- 

 dinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the 

 ventral. Coloration uniform silvery. 



Pharyngeal teeth 5 . 2 — 2 . 5, hooked, scarcely denticulated. 



Xanthus. 

 a-b. Nine and four inches long. Presented by Sir Ch. Fellowes. 



17. Leuciscus berak. 



Squalius berak, Heckel, in Russeffger's Reisen, i. p. 1078, taf. 10. fig. 1. 

 D. 10. A. 11. L. lat. 42-43. L. transv. 7/?. 



The height of the body is more than one-fourth of the total length 

 (without caudal). Interorbital space broad and flat. Eye small. 

 Cleft of the mouth oblique, of moderate width, not extending to 

 below the front margin of the eye ; jaws even in front. The width 

 of the third suborbital bone is much less than that of the last. 

 Origin of the dorsal fin opposite to the root of the inner ventral rays ; 

 length of the ventral Jin rather less than half that of the head. 

 There are three longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line 

 and ventral fin. Coloration uniform, each scale darker at the base. 

 {Hech.) 



Aleppo. 



Squalius turcicus, De Filippi, Viaggio in Persia, p. 359, appears to 

 be closely allied to L. berak. It is described thus : — Yery similar 

 to S. cavedanus ; mouth oblique, lower jaw somewhat prominent. 

 The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, which 

 is equal to the height of the body, and about one-fifth of the total 

 length (with the caudal). Forehead flat, broad. Origin of the 

 dorsal fin in the vertical from the sixteenth scale of the lateral line ; 

 anal fin rounded. D. 10. A. 11. L. lat. 41. L. transv. 7/3. — 

 Vicinity of Erzerum. 



18. Leuciscus orientalis. 



Squalius cephalopsis, Heckel, in Russct/ffer's Reisen, i. p. 1080. 

 orientalis, Heckel, I. c. ii. 3. p. 225, taf. 16. fig. 2. 



D. 11. A. 10. L. lat. 40-41. L. transv. 7/?. 

 The height of the body is more than one-fourth of the total length 

 (without caudal). The width of the interorbital space is about two- 

 VOL. vri. Q 



