5. CLUPEA. 439 



of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one- 

 fourth. Lower jaw slightly projecting beyond the upper ; maxil- 

 lary not reaching to the vertical from the hind margin of the orbit. 

 No teeth on the palate, tongue without, or with very small, de- 

 ciduous teeth. Operculum coarsely and irregularly striated. Gill- 

 rakers fine and long ; the horizontal branch of the outer branchial 

 arch is but slightly bent, and bears about 42 gill-rakers. Yentral 

 fins opposite to the anterior half of the dorsal, the origin of which 

 is nearer to the end of the snout than to the root of the caudal. 

 Basal half of the caudal fin covered with small scales. There are 

 fourteen abdominal scutes behind the base of the ventral fins. A 

 blackish blotch in the scajjulary region. A series of punctulated 

 dots along each dorsal series of scales. 

 Atlantic coasts of North America. 



a-b. Adult. Halifax, N. Sc. Presented by J. Mathew Jones, 

 Esq., F.L.S. 



c. Adult; has been in chloride of zinc. Boston. Presented by B, 



Winstoue, Esq. 



d. Young : skin, not in good state. New York. Purchased of Mr. 



Pamell. 



Unfortunately, not having specimens, we are unable to decide 

 whether Meletta venosa of Valenciennes is really a species distinct 

 from CI. mattowocca ; it would appear to difier in having the oper- 

 culum entirely smooth; its* synonymy appears to be as follows: — 



Meletta venosa, Cuv. ^ Val. xx. p. 374. 



Alosa cyanonoton, Storer, Proc, Most. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 242; and 

 3fem. Am. Acad. \i. p. 339, pi. 27. fig. 1. 



tyrannus, Storer, Mem. Amer. Acad. vi. p. 334, pi. 26. fig. 3 



Alausella parvula, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. PhUad. 1861, p. 36. 

 Pomolobus pseudo-hai'engixs, " Gill e.v Wilson." 



39. Gupea pilchardus. 



Tfie Pilchard. Der Pilchard. La Sardine or le Ct516ren or le 



C^lan. 

 Sardina, Belfon. p. 161 ; Bondel. pp. 217, 218; Gesner, p. 822; Cw- 



nide, Peces d. Galic. p. 91. 

 Harengus minor s. Pilcnardus, Willughby, Hist. Pise. p. 223, tab. P. 1 . 



fig. L 

 Pilchard, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 300, pi.- 68, or, edit. 1812, iii. p.-453 ; 



Couch, Fish. Brit. Isl. iv. p. 79, pi. 201. 

 Clupea sprattus, Briinnich, Pise. Massil. p. 82 ; Risso, Ichth. Nice, 



p. 352. 

 Clupea pilch^rdus, Walh. Arted. iii. p. 38 ; Bl. Ausl. Fische, ix. p. 40, 



pi. 406 ; Bl. Schn. p. 452 ; Cuv. Rkgne Aimn. ; Donov. Bi-it. Fish. iii. 



pi. 69; Turton, Brit. Fatm. ■^. 106; Fle7ni)>g, Brit. An. yt. 183 ; 



Jeni/ns, Manual, p. 437 ; Yarrell, Brit Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 109, or 



3rd edit. i. p. 137; J'arnell, IFemcr. Mem. vii. p. 320; ox Fuh. 



Firth of FoHh, p. 160. 

 Sardine, Duhahiel, Peches, ii. pi. 16. fig. 4. 



Clupea sardina, Cur. Begne Anim. ; Lowe, Trans. Zool, Soc. ii. p. 189. 

 Clupauodon sardina, Jiisso, Fur. 3ierid. p. 451. 



