134 Oxen 



become lost in the adults of the larger kinds. It has been uro;ed that the 

 anoa exhibits many traits of affinity with the antelopes ; among these 

 being the comparatively straight form of the horns and the frequent 

 presence of the white spots on the sides of the head and sometimes on 

 other parts of the body. The animal is, however, evidently very closely 

 allied to the tamarau, and has probably become dwarfed by its island 

 habitat and the length at time during which it has been separated from its 

 kindred. So that although the anoa is probably to a certain extent a 

 primitive type, some ot its generalised features may be due to degeneration. 

 With regard to the two spots frequently developed on the sides of the 

 lower jaw, the antelopes in which similar spots occur are the kudus [St/rp- 

 siccros) and harnessed antelopes [Triigc/aphus) ; but since these antelopes 

 have cheek-teeth quite different in structure from those of the anoa, it 

 seems very doubtful if the spots in the latter can be regarded as 

 indicative of affinity with antelopes. As mentioned above, the tamarau 

 frequently exhibits similar spots in front of the eyes. In the very general 

 loss of the first lower premolar tooth the anoa is decidedly more specialised 

 than other buffiiloes. In the short and sparse hair of the adult, the broad 

 and naked moist muzzle, and the barrel-like form of the body, as well as 

 by its peculiarly bovine odour, its partiality for water and shade, and like- 

 wise in its habit of drinking by long draughts instead of in short gulps, the 

 anoa is essentially a buffalo. 



It was considered by the late Professor Riitimeyer that tlie anoa is the 

 species which comes nearest to the under-mentioned extinct Siwalik 

 bovines, but Dr. Heller has pointed out that it is really the tamarau which 

 makes the nearest approach in this respect, and he is of the same opinion 

 as myself in considering that many of the peculiarities of the Celebes animal 

 are due to degeneration. 



The following dimensions of anoa horns are given in Mr. Rowland 

 Ward's Records of Big Gdiiic : — 



