246 Goats 



the summer months. Like ibex and other goats which live where ava- 

 lanches are constantly falling and stones are dislodged from glacier moraines 

 at every movement, the tur is very indifferent to noises of all descriptions, 

 and relies for safetv on the keenness of its senses ot scent and vision. 



2. The West Caucasian Tur — Capra caucasica 



Capra caucasica^ Pallas, Acta Acad. Pctrop. vol. iii. pt. 2, p. 273, pis. 

 xviiA. xviin. (178^) ; Dinnik, yfw/. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xix. p. 450, 

 pi. xiv. (1887) ; Biichner, Mem. Acad. St. Peter sboiirg., vol. xxxv. No. 8, p. 16, 

 pi. ii. (1887); Menzbier, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 618; Satunin, Zoo/. 

 "Jahrb. Syst. vol. ix. p. 3 i i ( i 896) ; Ward, Records of Big Game., p. 227 ( i 896). 



Mgoceros amnion, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. vol. i. p. 221 (181 i), nee 

 Capra anunon, Linn. 1766. 



Capra severtxo-xci., Menzbier, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 619. 



Capra severzoici, Satunin, Zoo/. "Ja/ir/). Syst. vol. ix. p. 312 (1896). 



P/ate XXI. 



C/iaracters. — Build heavv and massive, with the tace short and blunt, 

 the height at the shoulder being about 37r> inches. Horns large and 

 massive in adult male, widely separated on the torehead, nearly quad- 

 rangular in section ; the broad anterior surface bearing in its basal half low 

 riat ribs, and its terminal half bold knots or knobs ; trom the skull the 

 horns diverge at an angle of about 45 degrees, and curve upwards, outwards, 

 and backwards nearly in the same plane, except near the tips, where they 

 are inclined somewhat inwards. In the young male they are shorter, with 

 knots along the whole length of the front surface. Beard confined to the 

 chin ; long and narrow in summer ; broader in winter, when in young males 

 it forms only a short fringe. Summer pelage short and close, of a uniform 

 bright chestnut-brown colour, with the lower lip, chin, the root of the 

 beard, the tip of the tail, and the front of the legs below the knees and hocks 



