Gray-wolf 771 



her young; the call of the young to their mothers, etc. I doubt 

 not these signals are used, just as surely as dogs use corre- 

 sponding sounds among themselves, but I have not been able 

 to distinguish them. The whining used by the young while 

 still in the nest has already been spoken of, as well as the 

 mother's similar response. 



Besides these sounds as a means of intercommunication, inter- 

 Wolves use example as already set forth, and scents. mc™^ 



The scent method of communicating ideas I made the ^^°'"^ 

 subject of an article in Forest and Stream, January 23, 1897. 

 I reproduce the substance of it here. 



It is well known that not only each species of animal but smell- 

 that each individual has its own peculiar smell, conclusive 

 evidence of which is found in the fact that a good dog has no 

 difficulty in following his master through a crowd, or keeping 

 to the track of the animal he is hunting, though it be crossed by 

 the tracks of many others. 



It is further known that, even though it always retain its 

 individuality, this personal odour varies with the condition 

 of the animal. Thus a horse smells strong after exercise; 

 Canada grouse and Snow-shoe Hares smell of spruce or cedar 

 when they feed on these; a Mink smells differently when 

 angry; dogs in ill-health become malodorous; Deer in rut 

 become offensively strong-smelling; a female animal in rut is 

 recognized afar by the scent. 



In many species additional effect is given to the body odour- 

 scent by the development of special glands which secrete a 

 strong odour. These glands are usually situated in a part 

 which is habitually brought in contact with the ground or the 

 vegetation. Thus, in a Musk-deer they are on the side of the 

 belly; in the Peccary, on the back; in our common Deer on 

 the tarsus, between the toes, and in the lachrymal fossa. In 

 some animals, however, the contact with the ground is secured 

 in a different way. The glands are situated within the anal 



