20 PYGATHRIX 



species of Colobus, in the large, many pouched stomach. In some 

 species the hair on top of the head radiates from a central point, 

 sometimes overhanging the forehead. The Langurs are eminently 

 arboreal, though able to traverse the ground with considerable speed, 

 and live in the forests, subsisting on leaves and fruits, though they 

 are not averse to certain kinds of grain. Some species live at low 

 altitudes, while others dwell on high mountains, some not descend- 

 ing below 2,000 feet, while others remain amid the snow seeming to 

 enjoy the low temperature, and play about the snow covered branches. 

 They are exceedingly active and quick in their movements, and in 

 India, where one species at least is considered sacred by many of the 

 inhabitants, they do much damage to the gardens and fields, and 

 often enter the villages and help themselves at the shops to such things 

 as tempt their appetites. They are not so gaily colored as the majority 

 of the Cercopitheci but some few have beautiful coats, those of the 

 red species being, occasionally, brilliant. The tail is very long, usually 

 carried low, but at times raised over the back. They go in troops, 

 sometimes of large numbers, and are generally peacefully inclined 

 among themselves, though sometimes the old males have severe fights, 

 ending at times in the death of one of the combatants. They do not 

 bear captivity well, and usually soon succumb. 



LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 



1758. LinncBus, Sy sterna Natures. 



Pygathrix aygula first described as Simia aygula. 

 1771. Linnccus, Mantissa Plantarum. 



P. NEM^us first described as Simia nemceus. 

 1775. Schreher, Die Sdugthiere. 



Simia maura plate XXII B, undeterminable. 

 1777. Erxlcben, Systema Rcgni Animalis. 



Simia senex ex Ceylon described, but undeterminable, probably 



an albino individual of one of the Ceylonese species of Pyga- 

 thrix. 

 1780. Zimmermann, Geographische Geschichte des Mennschen, etc. 



Pygathrix cephaloloptera first described as Simia cepha- 



lopterus ( !) 

 1797. Dufresne, in Bulletin de la Societe Philomatique de Paris. 



Pygathrix entellus first described as Simia entellus. 

 1812. E. Geoffroy, in Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 



Paris. 



