GLANDERS. 541 



almond to that of a small bunch of berries, exceedingly hard and 

 nodulated. This enlargement of the glands is found high up on the 

 inside of the jaws, firmly adherent to the base of the tongue. It is 

 not to be confounded with the puffy, edematous swelling, which is 

 not separated from the skin and subcutaneous connective tissues 

 found in strangles, in laryngitis, and in other simple inflammatory 

 troubles. 



These glands bear a great resemblance to the hard, indurated glands 

 which we find in connection with the collection of pus in the sinuses; 

 but in the latter disease the glands have not the extreme nodulated feel 

 which they have in glanders. With the glands we find indurated 

 cords, feeling like balls of tangled wire or twine, fastening the glands 

 together. 



The essential symptoms of glanders are the nodule, the chancre, 

 the glands, and the discharge. With the development of the nodules 

 in the respiratory tract, according to their number and the amount 

 of eruption which they cause, we may find a cough Avhich resembles 

 that of a coryza, a laryngitis, a bronchitis, or a broncho-pneumonia, 

 according to the location of the lesions. In chronic glanders we 

 find the same accessory symptoms that occur in chronic farcy, the 

 hemorrhage of the nose, the swelling of the legs, the chronic cough, 

 and, in the entire horse, the swelling of the testicles. 



On healing, the chancres on the mucous membranes leave small, 

 whitish, star-shaped scars, hard and indurated to the touch, and which 

 remain for almost an indefinite time. The chancres heal and the 

 other local symptoms disappear, with the exception of the enlarge- 

 ment of the glands, and we find these so diminished in size that they 

 are scarcely perceptible on examination. During the subacute at- 

 tacks, with a minimum quantity of local troubles, in chronic glanders 

 and in chronic farcy the animal rarely shows any amount of fever, 

 but does have a general depraved appearance; it loses flesh and be- 

 comes hidebound ; the skin becomes dry and the hairs stand on end. 

 There is a cachexia, however, which resembles gi-eatly that of- any 

 chronic, organic trouble, but is not diagnostic, although it has in it 

 certain appearances and conditions which often render the animal sus- 

 picious to the eye of the expert veterinarian, while without the pres- 

 ence of local lesions he would be unable to state on what he has based 

 his opinion. 



ACUTE GLANDERS. 



8ymfto7iiis. — In the acute form of glanders we find the symp- 

 toms which we have just studied in chronic farcy and in chronic glan- 

 ders in a more acute and aggravated form. There is a rapid outbreak 

 of nodules in the respiratory tract which rapidly degenerate into 

 chancres and pour out a considerable discharge from the nostrils. 

 There is a cough of more or less severity according to the amount and 



