156 ANATOMY OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS IN THE CARNIVORA 



mylohyoid muscle, ami is usually in contact with the digastric, upon 

 which it may be molded. The duct is frequently surrounded by 

 encrusting lobules which prolong the gland forward and constitute a 

 supramylohyoid process. The duct is ventral to that of the subma.x- 

 illary gland ; the orifice is laterally placed upon the common caruncle. 

 3. Glaiidulce subUnguales minores, lesser subhngual, or Rivinian 

 glands. — These elements were imiformly present in all the specimens 

 examined. In this our results are in agreement with those of Zumstein 

 and IlKng and in disagreement with those of Ranvier, whose illustra- 

 tions and descriptions of these glands in the carnivora and other 

 mammals are grossly inaccurate, notwithstanding the careful tech- 

 nique of his preparations (masceration in 30 per cent alcohol, dissec- 

 tion under a lens). In degree of development the series varies within 

 wide limits. It may extend from near the caruncle to the arcus 

 palatinus, and then be continuous with the isthmian glands. On the 

 other hand it may be represented only by a few scattered elements 

 in the vicinity of the lingual nerve. With reference to the submaxil- 

 lary and subhngual ducts the bodies are in general lateral, but as the 

 arcus palatinus is approached, they gradually assume a dorsal position. 



II. GlanduLx' isthmianae, isthmian glands. An inconstant group 

 wliich occupies the arcus palatinus, continuous dorsad with the pala- 

 tine glands ; ventrad they may or may not be continuous with the 

 lesser sublinguals. 



III. The glands of the vestibule. The literature of the glands 

 of the vestibule still lacks such a compilation as that of Ilhng for the 

 glands of the alveolingual region. In addition to standard works 

 upon comparative anatomy, the sources for these structures are the 

 descriptions of the older writers and numerous scattered references in 

 recent zoological hterature. Both are so often merely perfunctory 

 statements of the occurrence of the several glands, with, perhaps, a 

 reference to the relative size of parotid and subma.xillary, that they 

 yield but a small return for the labor of collating them. We shall 

 note a few points in connection with our list of these elements which 

 follows. 



I. Glandula parotis. — The body is submeatal, thence tending to 

 extend over the surface of the masseter and cephalohumerahs muscles, 

 and to embrace the meatus with pre- and post-meatal processes. The 



