HIPPOPOTAMUSES, PIGS, AND DEER 321 



size and antlers of the deer in English parks, and even the wild 

 deer of the Highlands. The red deer is found in the Balkan 

 Peninsula and in Northern Greece. In Asia Minor it merges 

 into the maral. The same thing occurs in Hungary and Tran- 

 sylvania, where it is somewhat difficult to discriminate between 

 the typical red deer type and the maral, which obviously holds 

 possession of the Carpathians. 



The True Red Deer is a large beast, the male standing 4 ft. 

 at the withers, or even a few inches more, though in the case of 

 the British stock a height exceeding 48 in. generally suggests park 

 feeding or German intermixture. The hind is markedly smaller 

 than the stag, and her height at the withers reaches in average 

 specimens to about 43 in. The weight of a fine stag may be as 

 much as 400 lb., but many greater weights than this are spoken 

 of, perhaps without conclusive proof. In winter the colour of 

 stag and hind is in general brown, with a good deal of gray 

 about the neck and the face in the stag and the old hind. The 

 inside of the ear is creamy-white (almost reddish in the stags 

 sometimes), the outer edge of the ear being blackish. There is 

 a tendency to a black stripe all down the crest of the neck and 

 the back nearly to the root of the tail. This black streak is 

 sometimes more obvious in hinds than in stags, and in the 

 summer than in the winter. The hair on the belly is grayish- 

 white in the winter and a pale ochre or reddish-yellow in the 

 summer. The outside of the ear is a dark umber-gray. Seen 

 at a distance, the black tips and edges of the ears and the whitish 

 hair of the interior are a prominent feature in the hinds, and 

 perhaps the most discernible part of the animal. Another impor- 

 tant feature in the colouring of red deer is the rump, which 

 exhibits (more markedly in the summer than in the winter) a 

 heart-shaped area of pale ochre-yellow, broad near the base of the 

 tail, and narrowing as it descends the hind quarters, which, as it 

 nears the tail and the inner side of the buttocks, becomes almost 

 white. There is a pinkish naked space under the tail, the tail 

 itself being short, tufted, and thickly covered with reddish-yellow 

 hair. As the hair of the hind quarters nears the edge of the 



