144 SALMONID^ 



the palate of which has been cut away. A second specimen (No. 81) 

 is named S. autumnalis, but is evidently identical with S. callaris ; 

 in this I am confirmed by another label attached to the specimen, 

 and of an older date, with the following words in Russian cha- 

 racters: — ''From Kamtschatka — Golez — River (name illegible)". 

 The vomer of this specimen is preserved, and bears teeth anteriorly 

 only. The description given by Pallas is very indefinite, yet in the 

 main points it can be applied to these specimens. But if S. callaris 

 is a Charr, the entire passage given by Pallas regarding the habits of 

 this fish probably refers to some other distinct Salmonoid. We 

 give first the characters of the specimens mentioned : — 



B. 11. D. 14. A. 11. L. lat. 225. (? Vert. 66.) 



Body rather low and long, head small, its length being one-fifth 

 of the total length (without caudal fin). Snout of moderate extent, 

 rather pointed, much longer than the eye, which is unusually small. 

 Maxillary very slender and feeble, extending behind the vertical 

 from the hind margin of the eye. Teeth small. Praeoperculum 

 with a very distinct lower limb, forming a right angle with the 

 hind limb. Pectoral scarcely shorter than one-half of the distance 

 between its root and the ventral ; caudal subtruncated. Lower 

 parts red, sides with numerous- small pale-red spots. 



Pallas adds the following notes to this fish : — 



" These fish enter the rivers from the eastern ocean in great 

 numbers. From the Bay of Okotsk they ascend into the rivers 

 Okota and Kuchtni, the great river (Boloschaia reka) in Kamt- 

 schatka and others, even into the ilvers of the islands scattered to- 

 wards the American shores, in order to hybemate, being still with- 

 out spots. They are said to remain torpid during the winter, in the 

 depths of the rivers, in shoals of thousands, imtil at the return of 

 spring they seek the sea again, from about the 10th to the 20th of 

 May. They surmoimt cataracts of whatever height by leaping, and 

 in the same manner escape from nets one fathom deep. They force 

 their way into the Kurile lake near the river Kamtschatka, not- 

 withstanding a very high cataract, and hybemate in it in large 

 numbers. They swim also with great velocity, and, excepting at 

 night, manage to escape the nets. They feed especially on the eggs 

 of various species of Trout, and greatly diminish their numbers. 

 Many remain for a long time in the rivers and lakes ; but the greater 

 number return in spring to the sea. When they come up from the 

 sea they are without the red tint and the spots, and shine with a 

 silvery lustre ;^ during the ascent they become gradually spotted witn 

 red, while they acquire a more or less red tint beneath the beUy and 

 on the fins, according to the comparative rapidity of the river-cur- 

 rents. 



" Steller relates in his notes that in the lake above the promontory 

 Kronsk in Kamtschatka, there is taken a variety of S. callaris more 

 than 2 feet long, in all points quite similar, but more slender, bigger in 

 the belly, of a li\dd hue, -without silvery lustre, with the belly white, 

 pectoral fins yellowish, ventrals inclining to red, but both pairs with 



