4')C) UA.Mli.1i. 



entirely smooth. Two dorsal fins on the tail, without spine. Tail 

 with a rudimentary caudal fin, or without caudal. Each ventral 

 fin di\ided into two by a deep notch. Nasal valves separated in 

 the middle, where they are witliout a free margin. Teeth obtuse 

 or i)ointed. Pectoral fins not extending forward to the extremity 

 of the snout. Sexes diff'eruig in the form of the teeth and in the 

 dermal spines. 



Seas of both hemispheres, more numerous in the northern than 

 in the .southern. 



a. Siioi'l-sno'Ued sj/ectes. 



1 . Raja clavata. 



Tliom-back. 



Raja, licllm. Be Aqimt. p. 7!» : Rondd. pp. 35.S, ;i54 ; (/fsner, Aquat. 



pp. 70.3, 797; Aldruv. p. 4(i0 ; Williujhhy, pp. 74, 78, tab. 1) 2. 



ligs. 2 & ;) ; ^alvian. p. 149 ; Artcdi, Sijnon. p. 99. no. 2 ; Geii. p. 71. 



no. 2 ; Spec. p. 103. no. 1 ; Gruiuw. Mns. Ichth. i. p. 140, and 



ZoopJti/l. no. l-'A. 

 liay.1 clavata, L. St/si. Not. i. p. 397; Bl. taf 83; Lacep. i. p. 128; 



M. Schn. p. 3G0; Itisxo, Ichth. Nice, p. 11, and Ecr. Merid. iii. 



p. 14(5; iMoiddf/H, in Werner. Mem. ii. p. 41 G; Fries, in Vet. Ahad. 



Hand/. 18.'H9, p. 15, pi. 2. fig. 1, pi. 3. figs. 1-3, 7 ; Jeni/ns, Man. 



p. 61() ; Fries i^ Ehstr. Skand. Ful;. p. lo4, tab. 35 ; Mdll. S,- Henle, 



]). 1 .35 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 2nd edit. ii. p. 582, or 3rd edit, ii 



p 581 ; rarnell, JVerner. Mem. vii. p. 4.3G, tab. 42 ; Demon. Brit. 



Fish. ii. pi. 2(5; Oronoc. Si/sf. ed. Orai/, p. 9; Kroy. Damn. Fisk. 



iii. p. 9G2; Kessler, Bnll. \Soc. Nat. Mo-^c. 1859. ii. p. 475; Nitss. 



Skand. Faun. Fi.sk. p. 735 ; Ihanoril, Elasmohr. p. 528. 



rubus, Bl. taf. 84, iii. p. G7 ; Bl. Schn. p. 3G6 ; Lacep. i. p. 107. 



cuviuria, Lacep. i. p. 141, pi. 7. fig. 1 ; BL Schn. p. 307 ; NciU, 



Werner. Mem. i. p. 554 ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 172. 



aspova, Bisso, Ichth Nice, p. 5, and Eur. Merid. iii. p. 147. 



Thorn-back, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 82, pis. 11 & 12, and, ed. 1812, 



iii. p. 122, pis. 13 & 14. 

 Duhaniel, Pesches, iii. sect. ix. pi. 8. figs. 1-4, pi. 9. figs. 1 & 2. 

 Dasybatis clavata, B/ainv. Faun. Fr. p. 33, tab. 5 c. fig. 2; Bonap. 



Faun. Ital. 



rubus, Blainv. I. c. p. 21, tab. 3 c. fig. 1. 



Raja punctata, IloUbery, Goth. J'ef. N. Ilandl. iv. p. 25 (young). 

 pontica, Pallas, Zoor/r. Ross.-As. iii. p. 58, pi. 8 ; Bathke, in 



Mhn. Sav. etrany. Ac. 'Sc. JYter-sb. 1837, iii. p. 309, pis. 9 & 10. 

 Moustroi^ity : Gervais, Comiif. Bend. 1804, ii. p. 802. 



A.ngle of the extremity of the snout obtuse. Tlic distance be- 

 tween the outer margins of the nostrils equals their distance from 

 the end of the snout. Teeth rather large. Outer pectoral angle 

 nearly a right one. Body more or less covered with small spiny 

 asperities, especially the snout and interorbital space. Supraorbital 

 ridge with a claw-like spine in front, and another behind. Back 

 and tail with a median row of large spines. Brown, with lighter 



l''aim. t'ish. p. 370 ; Stover, Mem. Amer. Acad. ix. 1867, p. 242, pi. 39. 

 fij». 2 ; llaj.i biiti.s, Storcr, Report, \}. 193. — Coast*) ol the United States. 

 l.T ]»iij;i niosjiiea, Capdlo, Jorn. .lead. Sc. Lisb. 1S()9, p. I.")0, tab. 9. fig. 3 

 (not synon.) (R. iindulata, p. 22S). — Lisbon. 



