52 



PERCTDiB. 



1. Two distinct dorsals, separate or united only at the base, 



a. Scales adherent. 

 * PseudobranchicE. 



** Pyloric appendages i7i small number. 



a. Body oblong, fiat. 



\ J), with 7 spines. The anal fin without conspi- 

 cuous spines; operculum and praDopcrcuhim 

 spiniferous, without serratui-es ; scales minute. . . 31. Grammistes. 



^ D. tvith 8 spines. 



tt Scales rather large. The dorsal fin moving 

 in a scaly sheath; prpBoperculum with a 

 strong spine at the angle, and with an entire 

 lower limb , . . . . 7. PsAMMorERCA. 



tt Scalts rather small. 



aa. Operculum without Spines 16. CENTRoroMrs. 



/3/3. Operculum spiniferous 34. Diploprion. 



t D. with 9 spines. Teeth on the tongue ; the anal 

 fin generally with three spines ; praeoperculum 

 with denticulations beneath 4. Labrax. 



t D. with 10 spines. The anal fin with two spines; 

 muciferouB cavities of the bones of the skull 

 much deiieloped ; praoperculum denticulated ; 

 scales small 10. Percarina. 



t D. with 12 spines. The anal fin with three spines; 

 opercles with \ery long and pointed spines ; 

 scales very small 17. Nipiion. 



t D. with 1.3-14 spines. The anal fin with two 

 spines ; pr.Toperculum and praeorbital serrated ; 

 scales small ; head naked above 1. Perca. 



j3. Body cylindrical, elongate. Mouth situated at the 

 lower side of the snout; anal fin with a single 

 spine; pra;operculum serrated ; scales small 14. Aspro 



** Pyloric appendages in increased manher. 



a. Form of body oblong. Pseudobranchine developed ; 

 tongue smooth; the first dorsal with eleven, the 

 anal fin with three spines; prnKoporculum with 

 strong spinous teeth beneath ; scales rather small. 8. Percalabrax. 



/3. Body and vertical fins greatly elevated. Praioper- 



culum with spinous teeth at the angle 18. Enoplosu'' 



* No pseudobranchicB. 



** Praoperculum with strong spines at the lower border. 

 The first dorsal with seven to eight, the anal fin with 

 three spines; scales moderate; pra-orbital strongly 

 serrated 5. Lates. 



** PrcBoperculum with smooth lower limb, and ivith a strong 



spine at the angle ; prreorbital entire G. Cnidon. 



