EUROPEAN BEECH MARTEN, MUSTELA FOINA. 77 



incisors are closely crowded ; the outer pair are mucli larger thaa the rest ; 

 these are all alike. The outer are regalarly curved, with an enlarged cin- 

 gulum around the base; the others start obliquely forward from the jaw, 

 then turn vertically downward with an appreciable angle. 



In the lower jaw, of the two molars the hindermost is small, circular, and 

 completely tuberculous. The next is the largest of the under teeth, chiefly 

 sectorial in character, but with a depressed, rimmed, tubercular, posterior 

 moiety. This rim at each of its ends rises into a slight cusp, but the inner 

 one is merely a slight heel to the central cusp, instead of a prominent point 

 as in M. foina. The two main cusps of the tooth are much higher, the 

 hinder one highest, compressed, with cutting edge, forming with each other 

 the usual V-shape reeutrance, continued further down as a closed slit. The 

 last premolar is a conical cusp augmented posteriorly by a secondary cusp 

 half as high, and with a heel both before and behind at the base. The next 

 premolar is like the last, but smaller, with a mere trace of the secondary 

 €usp, though it is well heeled fore and aft. On the next premolar, the sec- 

 ondary cusp entirely subsides in a general gentle slope from the summit of 

 the tooth to its base behind, and the front heel is not developed. The first 

 premolar is simply a minute knob. It looks Jlike a tooth hardly yet estab- 

 lished, or else about to disappear. The lower canines are shorter, stouter, 

 and more curved than the upper. The six incisors are greatly crowded be- 

 tween the canines, so much so that, through lack of room, one at least some- 

 times fails to develop, leaving only five, as in more than one specimen before 

 me. They are smaller than the upper ones, and not so regular, for one or 

 a pair — most frequently the middle one — on each side is crowded back out 

 of the plane of the rest. As in the upper jaw, the outer pair of under inci- 

 sors are the largest, and have slightly clubbed and bilobate tips. 



3. The Eiiropeaai ISeecli iflarteii. 



Mnstela foiiia. 



Plate IV. 



Martes domestica, Gesn. Quad. 1551, 865, fig.— Aldrov. Qjad. Digit. 1645, 332.— /ous<. 



Theatr. Quad. 1755, 156. 

 Martes SaxatiliS, Schwenckfeld, Tberiotroph. 1603, 110. 

 Martes in saxis, AgricAnim. Subter. 1614, 38. 



Martes fagorum, Fay, Syu. Quad. 1693, 2i}0.—Flem. Br. An. 1823, 14. 

 Martes saxorum, Elein, Quad. 1751, 64. 



MllStela foyiia, BHss. Quad. 1756, 246, no. l.—Pall. Zoog. E. A. i. 1811, 86. 

 Mustela foina, White, Pbil. Trans. Ixiv. 1774, VJG.—JSrxl. Syst. An. 1777, 45S, no. 5.—Sch)-eb. 



Siiug. iii. 1778, 494, pi. 129.—Zimm. Geogr. Gesch. ii. 1780, 302, no. 196.— Gm. S. N. i. 



1788, 95, no. 14.— Herm. Obs. Zool. i^.— WUdung. Tascli. fiir 1800. —.—Bechst. Naturg. 



1. , 755.— Desm. Mamm. i. 1820, 182 ; Nouv. Diet. xix. 380 ; Ency. M6th. pi. 81, f. 1.— 



Fr. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxix. 254.— 7.s\ Geoff. Diet. Class, x. 209.— Griff. An. Kingd. 



V. 1827, 123, no. 350.— Jen. Br. Vert. 1835, 11.— Selys-L. Fn. Belg. i. 1842, 9.— Keys. £ 



Bias. Wirb. Eur. 1840, 61.—Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i. 1344, 336.— fiiainv. Compt. Rend. 



siv. 1842, 210 seq. pis.— Gu'&. Odont. 33, pi. 12, f . 3 ; Saug. 1855, 115.— Hensel, Arch. 



Naturg. xix. J 853, 11.— Power, Ann, Mag. N. H. 2d ser. xx. 1857, 416.— Brandt, 



Bemerk. Wirb. Eur. N. E. Russl. , 24.— Bias. Wirb. Deutschl. 1857, 217, f. 123.— 



Jcickel, Zool. Gart. xiv. 1873, 457 (albino). 

 Viyerra foina, Shaw, Gen. Zoiil. i. 1600, 409. 



