12 BRITISH BIRDS. [vol. x. 



of a juvenile Lark. The breast and sides of the throat are 

 usually more streaked than in the adult. 



First winter. — The juvenile body-feathers and a few 

 wing-coverts, but not any of the wing- or tail-feathers, are 

 usually moulted from August to November, and the new 

 feathers are like those of the adult, but frequently a number 

 of the juvenile body -feathers are retained until the spring 

 moult. First summer. — The moult is like that of the adult 

 but rather more complete, the remaining juvenile wing-coverts 

 (not primary-coverts), innermost secondaries and central 

 tail-feathers being apparently always moulted. After this 

 moult the bird is like the adult. 



Tawny-Pipit {Anthus campestris). 



Adults. — Complete moult in August to November. From 

 March to April there is a moult much as in Richard's Pipit, 

 but the innermost secondaries and central tail-feathers are 

 only occasionally moulted, and I have not fomid any case in 

 which the outer pair of tail-feathers were moulting. There 

 is no sexual or seasonal difference in the plumage except 

 that when much worn in summer the upper-parts become 

 darker and less sandy-brown. 



Juvenile. — -Except for its smaller tarsus and foot, the 

 juvenile much resembles that of Richard's Pipit. 



First winter. — The juvenile body-feathers and a varying 

 number of wing-coverts and innermost secondaries and some- 

 times the central pair of tail-feathers are moulted from July 

 to November. The extent of this moult varies considerably 

 individually. The new feathers are like those of the adult. 

 First summer.^ — The moult is like that of the adult. The 

 remaining juvenile median and lesser wing-coverts appear 

 always to be moulted, but not necessarily the innermost 

 secondaries and central tail-feathers, the edges of which 

 become so worn as to make them indistinguishable from 

 adults. 



Tree-Pipit {AntJms t. trivialis). 



Adults. — Complete moult in August or September. From 

 January to March there is a moult involving the body-feathers, 

 wing-coverts (some outer, greater, and median occasionally 

 do not moult and primary-coverts never do), innermost 

 secondaries, central tail-feathers and exceptionally the outer 

 tail-feathers or all the tail. There is no sexual or seasonal 

 difference in the plumage, except that when worn in summer 

 the dark markings of the upper- and under-parts become 



