VOL. X j MOULTS OF BRITISH PASSERES. 13 



more accentuated and the throat, breast and flanks become 

 whiter and less buff. 



Juvenile. — Much like the adult, but the upper-parts more 

 buff and not so greenish and more prominently streaked, and 

 flanks with only very fine dark streaks. 



First winter. — The juvenile body-feathers are moulted 

 in August or September, but not the wing- or tail-feathers, 

 primary-coverts, greater or median wing-coverts. The new 

 feathers are like those of the adult, but a certain number of 

 juvenile body-feathers are sometimes retained until the bird 

 reaches winter quarters. The spring moult is as in the adult. 



Meadow-Pipit {Anthus pratensis). 



Adults. — Complete moult in August to October. From 

 January to March there is a moult similar to that of the Tree- 

 Pipit. There is no sexual or seasonal difference in the plumage 

 except that when much worn the upper-parts become very 

 dark and the imder-parts whiter and more boldly streaked, 

 owing to the edges and tips of the feathers wearing away. 



Juvenile. — Like the adult but more boldly streaked on 

 the upper-parts, the pale edgings to the feathers being 

 narrower ; usually tinged with yellow on the under -parts. 



First winter. — The juvenile body-plumage is moulted 

 from July to October, but not the wing- or tail-feathers, 

 primary-coverts or greater or median wing-coverts. The 

 bird then becomes like the adult and the spring moult is 

 the same as in the adult. 



Red-throated Pipit {Anthus cervinus). 



Adults. — Complete moult in July or August. From 

 January to April there is a moult similar to that in the Tree- 

 Pipit. The adult male in winter has the lores, superciliary 

 stripe, chin and throat pearly- to buffish-pink and the breast 

 pale buff to pinkish-buff broadly streaked with brovni-black ; 

 in summer the upper-breast varies individually, becoming 

 uniform pink like the throat, or with a few narrow streaks, 

 or as much streaked as in winter but more pink. The adult 

 female in winter has the lores, eye-stripe, chin and throat 

 buffish-white ; in summer some examples are indistinguishable 

 from males, but usually the breast is more streaked and not 

 so pink and the chin and throat more huffish and less pink, 

 while in late summer the chin and throat often become 

 whitish. 



Juvenile. — Much like the adult winter female but with the 

 chin buffish-white and the sides of the throat heavily streaked 

 like the breast, the buff of the under -parts more yellowish. 



