14 BRITISH BIRDS. [vol. x. 



First winter. — The juvenile body-feathers are moulted 

 in August, but not the wing- or tail-feathers, primary-coverts, 

 or greater and median wing-coverts. The male is like the 

 adult winter female, but the chin and throat are often tinged 

 with buffish-pink. The female I cannot distinguish from the 

 adult. First summer. — Moult as in the adult, after which 

 they cannot be distinguished with certainty, but those males 

 with much streaking on the breast and those females with 

 little pink on the throat may be first summer birds. 



Water-Pipit {Anthus s. spinoletta). 



Adults. — Complete moult in August or September. In 

 March or April there is a moult involving the body-plumage, 

 usually some of the innermost secondaries and central tail- 

 feathers and often some wing-coverts. In summer the upper- 

 parts (especially the head) are greyer-brown than in winter, 

 the eyestripe is broader and more distinct and is sometimes 

 tinged with pink, the chin, throat and breast become pale 

 buffish-pink usually unstreaked except for a few fine streaks 

 on the flanks and an occasional immoulted winter streaked 

 feather on the breast. The sexes are alike but in summer 

 unmoulted winter feathers seem more frequent in females 

 which usualty do not become so pink as the males. 



Juvenile. — Much like the adult winter but with the dark 

 centres of the feathers of the upper-parts more prominent. 



First winter. — ^The juvenile body-plumage, lesser wing- 

 coverts, and visually the median and some inner greater wing- 

 coverts and some innermost secondaries are moulted in August, 

 but not the rest of the wings nor the tail. The new plumage 

 is like that of the adults and the spring moult and summer 

 plumage are apparently the same as in the adults. 



Rock-Pipit {Anthus s. petrosiis). 



Adults." — ^Complete moult August to October. From 

 February to April there is a moult involving the body-plumage 

 and occasionally lesser and median wing-coverts and some 

 of the innermost secondaries ; rarely all the tail-feathers but 

 usually not any. The primary-coverts, greater coverts and 

 the rest of the wing -feathers are not moulted. 



The sexes are alike and there is very little difference in the 

 winter and summer plumages, but in the summer plumage 

 the upper-parts are very slightly less olive and the under-parts 

 slightly more whitish. 



Juvenile. — ^Like the adult but the upper-parts slightly 

 browner, the chin and throat speckled with blackish and the 



