VOL. x] CORMORANT AND LUrrLh: BUSTARD. 2J1 



found. North American breeding birds, from Greenland 

 to Nova Scotia, also belong to Ph. c. carbo. 



This Cormorant is generally sedentary, even as far 

 north as Iceland and Greenland, and it breeds chiefly on 

 rocks, but in Ireland also on trees. In former times 

 colonies of Cormorants nested on trees in Norfolk and 

 Suffolk, but it is impossible to say whether they belonged 

 to the large northern or the smaller central European 

 race. Some birds move southwards and it is probably 

 this race which appears occasionally on the coasts of the 

 Canary Islands and Azores, and in America it has been 

 observed near New York, in Carolina and on Lake 

 Ontario. 



(2) Phalacrocorax carbo subcormoranus (Brehm). 

 Lesser Cormorant. 



Carbo subcormoranus Brehm, Ornis I. p, 42 (1824- — Holland). 



Synonyms : Carbo arboreus Brehm 1831, probably ; Phalacrocorax 

 Carbo medius Nilsson 1835 ; Phalacrocorax humilirostris and brachy- 

 rhynchtts Brehm 1855. 



Smaller : bill from end of frontal feathering about 

 65-70, wing 330-356 mm. Underside black with a bluish- 

 green gloss, not purplish. 



Habitat : Central and south Europe, from north 

 Grcrmany to the Mediterranean, hence eastwards to 

 central and maybe east Asia, if Ph. carbo sinensis should 

 not be deemed separable. Formerly nesting in Denmark 

 and Blekinge, south Sweden, on trees. More migratory, 

 or better less sedentary, than Ph. c. carbo, because 

 frequently inhabiting inland waters which are frozen in 

 the winter, wintering in Greece, on the Caspian Sea, and 

 in Eg3rpt, in small numbers in Algeria, once south to 

 Biskra. 



Breeds as a rule on trees, on certain lakes in south-east 

 Europe among the reeds, on the coasts of Italy, Dragonera 

 and in other localities also on rocks. 



(For further notes see Novitates Zoologicce, 1916, 

 pp. 293-295, 318.) 



