100 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



with a horny shield on the next segment, a little darker, with 

 a black dot on each side. On each of the remaining segments 

 there are a number of pale, shining, raised dots, from every- 

 one of which arises a single hair. On the approach of winter 

 the larva lines its chamber with silk, and falls with the leaf 

 to the ground, where it remains unchanged until early the 

 following spring, when it becomes a yellowish-brown chrys- 

 alis. As the time approaches for the escape of the moth, the 

 chrysalis wriggles its way througii the partly-decayed leaf- 

 case at the back, and protrudes as shown at 6 in the figure, 

 soon after which the moth escapes. 



This caterpillar sometimes prevails to such an extent aa 

 seriously to injure the foliage of apple-trees; in such cases 

 the most obvious remedy is to gather carefully in the autumn 

 all the fallen leaves with the enclosed larvae and burn them. 



Fig. 97. 



No. 42. — The Apple-leaf Skeletonizer. 



Pempelia Hammondi Riley. 



This insect occurs in the larval state in the autumn, and 



sometimes during the summer also, and is especially injurious 



to young orchards and nurseries, giving the foliage a rusty, 



blighted appearance, caused by 

 the larva devourino; the ffreen 

 pulpy parts of the upper sur- 

 face of the leaves and leaving 

 the closely-netted veins with the 

 under skin untouched. The 

 larva (Fig. 97, a) is of a pale- 

 brownish color, about half an 

 inch long, with darker lines, as 

 shown at h, where one of the 

 segments is highly magnified ; 

 sometimes the color assumes a 

 greenish shade. Behind the 

 head there are four shiny-black tubercles, as shown at c in 

 the figure, also magnified. The larva covers the surface of 



d 



