APPLE INSECTS 



17 



tena variabilis Coq. and Tachinophyto sp. In Georgia a small 

 chalcis-fly (Hnltichella sp.) has frequently been reared from 

 the pupa. A p]uropean parasite {Calliephialtes messor Grav.) 

 has been introduced into Cahfornia, but apparently with httle 

 success. The larva? of a num- 

 ber of beetles have been found 

 killing the larva? and in the 

 South several species of ants at- 

 tack the larva? and pupae in the 

 cocoons. In Utah a wasp stocks 

 its burrows with the larvae. 

 Both in this country and in 

 Europe larvae have been found 

 infested by hair-snakes. 



In spite of this array of insect enemies the codlin-moth is 

 able to maintain itself as the most destructive enemy of apples 



Fig. 14. — Exit hole of codlin- 

 moth larva ; left, before leaving the 

 fruit ; right, after it has emerged and 

 pushed away the plug. 



Fig. 15. — Empty codlin-moth cocoons on the under side of a flake of bark; 

 view of the outer surface of the same flake showing the holes made by birds in 

 reaching the larvai. 



and pears. Its most effective natural enemies are the birds, 

 over a dozen species of which are known to feed on it. The 



