APPLE INSECTS — nUDS AND FOLIAGE 89 



Natural enemies. 



The eggs are sometimes devoured by a mite, Nothrus ovivorus, 

 or a minute parasitic chalcid fly may develop in them. The 

 chickadees often find many of the eggs or the egg-laden female 

 moths on the bark. The caterpillars are attacked by a Tachina 

 fly, and the same ground beetles and birds that devour the 

 caterpillars of the spring canker-worm also include this species 

 in their menu. 



Remedial measures. 



The remedial treatments for the fall canker-worm are the 

 same as recommended for the spring canker-worm, ])ut the sticky 

 band or other barrier for preventing the ascent of the wingless 

 female moths must be applied in the fall, in October, and kept 

 in working condition until December, then renewed in Febru- 

 ary or March to get the belated ones that may not emerge until 

 spring. 



Further details regarding the habits, natural enemies and 

 remedial treatments for this species, will be found in the pre- 

 ceding more extended account of the spring canker-worm. 



The Lime-tree Span-worm 



Erannis tiliaria Harris 



This native American insect is widely distributed and com- 

 mon in apple orchards, and on basswood, elm and other forest 

 trees. It often works with both the spring and fall canker- 

 worms in orchards, but is rarely so numerous and injurious. 

 The moths appear in November and are active at night only. 

 The practically wingless, yellowish-white females, nearly § 

 an inch long, are marked with two rows of black spots down the 

 back (Fig. 95). The light, rusty buff-colored front wings of the 

 male moth expand about IJ inches and are crossed by two nar- 

 row, wavy, darker stripes; the hind wings are much lighter 



