96 



FRUIT INSECTS 



in a slight silk-lined cocoon (Fig. 105) they soon transform to 

 light brown pupa^ (Fig. 104) from which the moths do not 

 emerge until autumn. Like the other 

 kinds of measuring-worms known as can- 

 ker-worms, there is thus but a single gen- 

 eration of this species annually. It ap- 



FiG. 104 a.— 

 Pupa of Bruce's 

 measuring-worm. 

 Enlarged. 



Fig. 105. — Cocoon of Bruce's measuring-worm. 



parently gets through with its destructive work a little earlier 

 in the spring than the other canker-worms, and evinces a special 

 fondness for the blossom buds. It can be controlled by the 

 remedial measures recommended for the fall canker-worms. 



The Half-winged Geometer 



Phigalia titea Cramer 



About 1898 several kinds of canker-worms devastated apple 

 orchards in western New York, and among them was this species, 

 which we have designated the half-winged canker-worm, be- 

 cause of the nearly half developed condition of the wings of the 

 female moths. The insect is widely distributed from New York 

 to Minnesota and includes among its food-plants, apple, black- 

 berry, rose and several forest trees. It is rarely very numerous, 



