APPLE INSECTS — BORERS AND MISCELLANEOUS 185 



and third broods of the borers get in their destructive work, 

 and probably a fourth brood appears in October. 



Observations in Arkansas indicate that in the Ozark region 

 part of the first brood larvae attack the fruit, that the remainder 

 of the first and nearly all the second brood attack the twigs 

 and water-sprouts and that the larger part of the later broods 

 go back to the fruit. Its work on the fruit is similar to that 

 of the codlin-moth. Many of the caterpillars of the later 

 broods are killed by parasites, and sometimes 50 per cent of 

 those in hibernation are parasitized by Bracon tnellitor. 



A good preventive measure in young orchards or nurseries 

 is to remove the water sprouts from old apple trees near by, as 

 the insect often breeds in these sprouts. As described above, 

 the clinging leaf petioles will reveal many of the infested twigs 

 in winter, and by a judicious pruning and burning of these and 

 other terminals, most of the hibernating caterpillars can be 

 destroyed. 



References 



Del. Agr. Exp. Sta. 12th Kept, for 1900, pp. 194-199. 1901. 

 U. S. Bur. Ent. Bull. 80, Pt. Ill, p. 46. 1909. 



The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer 

 Saperda Candida Fabricius 



This native American borer ranks among the most destruc- 

 tive enemies to apple and quince culture throughout the north- 

 ern and eastern portions of the United States and also in Canada. 

 It also occurs in restricted localities in the Southern states. 

 Pear trees are sometimes attacked and its wild food plants 

 include crab apples and thorns of different species, mountain 

 ash, choke cherry, Juneberry and most of the kinds of trees 

 and shrubs in the family Pomacese. Although present in most 

 apple and quince orchards throughout the infested territory, 

 it often occurs in injurious numbers in quite restricted localities 



