418 FRUIT INSECTS 



tion takes place within a silk-lined earthen cocoon. There are 

 two broods annually, the flies of the second generation appear- 

 ing in late July or early August. 



Like the preceding species, the grape sawfly is rarely abundant 

 enough to seriously injure the vines. The larva may be killed 

 with arsenate of lead or Paris green at the usual strength. 



The Grape Leaf-folder 

 Desniia funeralis Hiibner 



The grape leaf-folder is widely distributed throughout the 

 eastern United States and Canada and is present in small 

 numbers nearly every year in most vineyards. It has at- 

 tracted attention by its injuries more particularly from 

 southern Illinois southward to Texas and eastward to North 

 CaroUna and Georgia ; it also occurs in California. 



The parent moths have an expanse of a Uttle less than an inch ; 

 the wings are very dark brown, nearly black, with an opalescent 

 reflection and are narrowly bordered with white ; in both sexes 

 the front wings have two white spots ; there is one white spot 

 on the hind wing of the male (Fig. 362) and two, often coales- 

 cent, in the female. The body of the female is crossed by two 

 white bands, that of the male by only one. 



The moths appear in the vineyards in June, and deposit their 

 eggs singly or in small patches on the leaves. The young cater- 

 pillars feed on the upper surface of the leaf and soon begin to 

 draw over a portion of the leaf with a few strands of silk, 

 bringing the two surfaces together and forming a fold. The 

 larva remains within the fold until full-grown, feeding on the 

 upper epidermis of the leaf, which becomes skeletonized, turns 

 brown and dies. The mature larva is grass-green in color and 

 is about three fourths of an inch in length ; when disturbed it 

 attempts to escape by wriggUng from its retreat, and suspends 



