GRAPE INSECTS 435 



375). Infested berries show characteristic purphsh spots 

 and often crack open, thus affording ideal places for the en- 

 trance of the spores of rot fungi (Figs. 376 and 377). Every 

 infested berry helps to spoil the symmetry of the clusters and 

 necessitates the labor of removing such ])erries before marketing 

 the crop except where it can be sold for making the poorer grades 

 of wine. 



When the summer brood of caterpillars become full-grown 

 in August they all go on to the leaves and cut out their character- 

 istic cocoons. Some of the pupse from cocoons made before 



Ftg. 375. — The grape-berry moth caterpillar and its work in the pulp and 



seeds enlarged. 



the middle of August transform in 12 to 14 days into moths 

 which lay eggs for a third or fall brood of caterpillars, but all 

 of the second brood caterpillars pupating after that date do 

 not emerge till the following spring. Most of the fall brood 

 caterpillars are full-grown before October 1, but some may 

 be found working in very ripe fruit two weeks later. A few 

 caterpillar,: transform in autumn to pupae inside th(^ berries 

 they infest, but most of them make their characteristic cocoons 

 on the leaves like the earlier broods. As a rule, the insect 

 always passes the winter in the pupa state in its cocoon on the 

 fallen leaves. 



