450 FRUIT INSECrS 



transfonn to pupae in earthen cells near the surface of the ground 

 in the first half of June. By stirring the soil under the vines 

 by means of a horse hoe at that time, a large part of the cells 

 will be broken open and the tender pupae die from exposure 

 or fall a prey to ants or other enemies. The soil close to the 

 base of the vine where it cannot be reached with the horse hoe 

 should be stirred thoroughly with a hand hoe, for it is at this 

 point that the greatest number of pupae are found. The best 

 results from cultivation are to be expected in years of abundant 

 rain ; in dry seasons many of the pupal cells are too deep to be 

 reached by ordinary hoeing. By throwing up a ridge of soil 

 under the row at the last cultivation in the summer, the grubs 

 will be encouraged to form their pupal cells higher above the 

 roots where it is easier to reach them with the hoe. Cultivation 

 alone cannot be depended upon for the control of the grape 

 root-worm, but should be employed in connection with the sys- 

 tem of spraying suggested above. 



In infested regions it is highly important to keep the vines 

 in as thrifty a condition as possible by proper pruning, fertiliza- 

 tion, cultivation and the use of suitable cover-crops ; it is much 

 easier to control the root-worm in a well-cared-for vineyard 

 than in one that has Ijeen neglected and is in a run-down con- 

 dition. 



References 



Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 62. 1895. 



Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 184. 1900. 



Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 208. 1902. 



Felt, N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 59. 1902. 



Felt, N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 72. 1903. 



Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 224, pp. 65-71. 1904. 



U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bull. 284, pp. 6-12. 1907. 



U. S. Bur. Ent. Bull. 89. 1910. 



N. Y. (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 331, pp. 549-568. 1910. 



Hartzell, Jour. Ec. Ent. IV, pp. 419-422. 1911. 



