LEPIDOPTERA. 381 



the thin-skinned summer apples. The eggs begin to hatch in 

 a few days after they are laid, and the little apple-worms or 

 caterpillars produced from them immediately burrow into the 

 appl«!s, making their way gradually from the eye towards the 

 core. Commonly only one worm will be found in the same 

 apple ; and it is so small at first, that its presence can only be 

 detected by the brownish powder it throws out in eating its 

 way through the eye. The body of the young insect is of a 

 whitish color ; its head is heart-shaped and black ; the top of 

 the first ring or collar and of the last ring is also black; and 

 there are eight little blackish dots or warts, arranged in pairs, 

 on each of the other rings. As it grows older its body be- 

 comes flesh-colored ; its head, the collar, and the top of the 

 last ring, turn brown, and the dots are no longer to be seen. 

 In the course of three weeks, or a little more, it comes to its 

 full size, and meanwhile has burrowed to the core and through 

 the apple in various directions. To get rid of the refuse frag- 

 ments of its food, it gnaws a round hole through the side of 

 the apple, and thrusts them out of the opening. Through this 

 hole also the insect makes its escape after the apple falls to 

 the ground ; and the falling of the fruit is well known to be 

 hastened by the injury it has received within, which generally 

 causes it to ripen before its time. 



Soon after the half-grown apples drop, and sometimes while 

 they are still hanging, the worms leave them and creep into 

 chinks in the bark of the trees or into other sheltered places, 

 which they hollow out with their teeth to suit their shape. 

 Here each one spins for itself a cocoon or silken case, as thin, 

 delicate, and white as tissue paper. Some of the apple-worms, 

 probably the earliest, are said by Kollar to change to chrysa- 

 lids immediately after their cocoons are made, and in a few 

 days more turn to moths, come out, and lay their eggs for a 

 second generation of the worms ; and hence much fruit will 

 be found to be worm-eaten in the autumn. jMost of the in- 

 sects, however, remain in their cocoons through the winter, 

 and are not changed to moths till the following summer. The 

 chrysalis is of a bright mahogany-brown color, and has, as 

 usual, across each of the rings of its hind body, two rows of 



