lO 



ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 



Mandibulate-siidorial Mouth-parts. — Among the Hymenoptera we 

 find a combination of the two types — well-developed biting mandibles 

 and a labium or hypopharynx fitted for sucking or lapping liquid food. 

 In ants and sawflies the mandibles are more in evidence, while the bees 

 and wasps have well-developed sucking apparatus. Ants use their 

 mandibles for various purposes, including the comminution of food, 

 building of nests, transportation of larvae, slaves, etc., and in attack and 

 defence against their enemies; the hypopharynx is used in lapping Hquid 

 food. 



Selat 



Lahruin 



Jhealh, = labium 

 Jetae,- Mandible and AloxiUot, 



Fig. 13. Fig. 14. 



Fig. 13. — Side view of the head and mouth-parts of the stable fly {Stomoxys calci- 

 trans). Stylets reduced in number and closely ensheathed by the labium, i. 

 Antenna; 2, compound eye; 3, labium; 4, labella; 5, labrum; 6, hypopharynx; 7, 

 maxillary palpi. {After Herms.) 



Fig. 14. — Beak of a hemipteron. {After Riley and Johannsen.) 



Mouth-parts of the Honey Bee. — These consist of the labrum and 

 epipharynx above with the short trowel-like mandibles on each side for 

 moulding wax; the maxilla forming conspicuous lateral wings with the 

 galea and lacinia fused into one piece, and the palpi minute (Fig. 16). 

 The labium is the long portion on each side of the tongue and ends in a 

 pair of palpi. The middle tongue is the hypopharynx ending in a small 

 labellum. 



Antennae. — ^The antennae or feelers are sensory organs, and are very 

 variable in structure. They carry the organs of touch, and probably 

 those of smell and hearing in some cases. On the surface of some of the 



