IDENTIFICATION OP INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CROPS 8 1 



(b) Tunnels in the bark by small legless grubs.— Fr«/; Bark-bcelle {Eccoplo- 

 gaster rugulosus), p. 339. 



(c) Bases of buds perforated, bark becomes discolored, and leaves and fruit 

 wither. — Pear Blight Beetle {Anisandrus pyri), p. 340. 



(d) Fixed to bark: 



1. Flat or saddle-shaped, or hemispherical dark-brown scales; wintering 

 forins small and flattish. Large scales appear after mid-summer, 

 brittle, contain only a whitish dust or empty egg-shells. — Fruit 

 Lecanium {Lecanium corni), p. 129. 



2. Ashy-gray appearance of bark of badly infested trees due to small 

 gray or black circular scales. — San Jose Scale {Aspidiotus perniciosus) , 

 p. 126. 



3. Mussel-shaped scales, with whitish eggs underneath in winter. — 

 Oyster Shell Scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi), p. 124. 



4. Bark scurfy with scales with purplish eggs underneath in winter. — 

 Scurfy Scale {Chionaspis furfiira), p. 125. 



(e) A grass green curiously shaped bug producing longitudinal slits and eventu - 

 ally oval-shaped scars on the back of the twigs. — Buffalo Tree-hopper {Ceresa 

 bubalus), p. 157. 



Leaves: 



(a) Feeding in Colonies. 



1. Caterpillars protected by webs in the forks of branches. — American 

 Tent-caterpillar (Malacosoma americana), p. 203. 



2. Caterpillars protected by webs covering the leaves. — Fall Web-worm 

 {Hyphantria textor), p. 181. 



3. Not protected by webs; greenish lice with sucking mouths. — Plum- 

 leaf Aphis {Aphis prunifolii). 



{b) Solitary. 



1. Measuring worms, feeding in the day time in spring. — Canker Worms 

 (Alsophila pomelaria), p. 205. 



2. Fat greasy caterpillars, feeding at night in spring. — Cutworms, p. 192. 



3. Hairy caterpillars with long black plumes over head and tail. — 

 Tussock Moth {Hemerocanipa leucostigma), p. 202. 



4. Large buzzing beetles. — June Beetles {Lachnosterna spp.), p. 302. 



5. Large apple-green caterpillar, with a horn near the tail, and with seven 

 broad oblique white stripes along each side. — Plum-tree Sphinx 

 (Sphinx drupiferarum), p. 178. 



Other larvae are occasionally found feeding on the leaves of plum. — 

 The Viceroy (Limenitis disippus), Polyphemus and Cecropia, p. 180. 

 Fruit: 



(a) A snout-beetle puncturing and making a crescent-shaped slit in the skin of 

 the young fruit which soon drops. — Plum Curculio {Conotrachelus nenuphar), 



P- 329- 

 (6) Making a round hole in the young fruit. — Plum Gouger [Coccotorus scutel- 

 laris). 



